Table 5 Market competitiveness, human...

Table 5

Market competitiveness, human capital and innovation in the manufacturing and service sector

Manufacturing sector					Service sector
Variables	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation
Independent variable
Share of graduate employees	0.214**	0.280***	0.066	0.155	0.101	0.138**	0.173**	0.189***
Share of graduate employees	(0.105)	(0.104)	(0.099)	(0.100)	(0.067)	(0.061)	(0.071)	(0.069)
Market competitiveness variables
Strong competition from abroad	−0.211*	−0.294***	0.084	−0.078	−0.211***	−0.158***	−0.158**	−0.141**
Strong competition from abroad	(0.114)	(0.113)	(0.108)	(0.109)	(0.064)	(0.059)	(0.068)	(0.066)
Outdated product and service	0.954***	1.011***	0.192	0.488	0.479***	0.452***	0.579***	0.523***
Outdated product and service	(0.341)	(0.337)	(0.324)	(0.326)	(0.166)	(0.154)	(0.176)	(0.172)
Interaction variables
Outdated product × Graduate employees	−0.767**	−0.967***	−0.098	−0.436	−0.272	−0.334**	−0.406**	−0.344**
Outdated product × Graduate employees	(0.342)	(0.338)	(0.324)	(0.327)	(0.168)	(0.155)	(0.178)	(0.174)
Competition from abroad × Graduate employees	0.418***	0.400***	0.043	0.183	0.289***	0.211***	0.219***	0.162**
Competition from abroad × Graduate employees	(0.118)	(0.117)	(0.112)	(0.113)	(0.069)	(0.063)	(0.073)	(0.071)
Control variables
Firm size	0.028***	0.051***	0.025***	0.051***	0.019**	0.036***	0.025***	0.058***
Firm size	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Market share of top selling product/services	0.120***	0.023	0.073***	0.069***	0.032	0.026	0.100***	0.083***
Market share of top selling product/services	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.025)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.025)
Constant	−0.246**	−0.308***	0.001	−0.137	−0.049	−0.136**	−0.110	−0.194***
Constant	(0.100)	(0.099)	(0.095)	(0.095)	(0.065)	(0.060)	(0.069)	(0.067)
Lambda	−0.531**	−0.617***	−0.090	−0.267	−0.230**	−0.241**	−0.325***	−0.279***
Lambda	(0.209)	(0.207)	(0.199)	(0.200)	(0.104)	(0.096)	(0.110)	(0.107)
Rho	−1.00000	−1.00000	−0.20150	−0.58900	−0.54815	−0.62145	−0.72932	−0.64157
Sigma	0.47885088	0.47384284	0.44837051	0.45385674	0.42036098	0.38830608	0.44602053	0.43514375
Wald χ² (13)	397.84	206.66	205.02	237.73	170.97	130.77	149.26	200.01
Prob > χ²	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Observations	2,269	2,269	2,269	2,269	1,468	1,468	1,468	1,468

Manufacturing sector					Service sector
Variables	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation	Product innovation	Process innovation	Marketing innovation	Organizational innovation
Independent variable
Share of graduate employees	0.214**	0.280***	0.066	0.155	0.101	0.138**	0.173**	0.189***
Share of graduate employees	(0.105)	(0.104)	(0.099)	(0.100)	(0.067)	(0.061)	(0.071)	(0.069)
Market competitiveness variables
Strong competition from abroad	−0.211*	−0.294***	0.084	−0.078	−0.211***	−0.158***	−0.158**	−0.141**
Strong competition from abroad	(0.114)	(0.113)	(0.108)	(0.109)	(0.064)	(0.059)	(0.068)	(0.066)
Outdated product and service	0.954***	1.011***	0.192	0.488	0.479***	0.452***	0.579***	0.523***
Outdated product and service	(0.341)	(0.337)	(0.324)	(0.326)	(0.166)	(0.154)	(0.176)	(0.172)
Interaction variables
Outdated product × Graduate employees	−0.767**	−0.967***	−0.098	−0.436	−0.272	−0.334**	−0.406**	−0.344**
Outdated product × Graduate employees	(0.342)	(0.338)	(0.324)	(0.327)	(0.168)	(0.155)	(0.178)	(0.174)
Competition from abroad × Graduate employees	0.418***	0.400***	0.043	0.183	0.289***	0.211***	0.219***	0.162**
Competition from abroad × Graduate employees	(0.118)	(0.117)	(0.112)	(0.113)	(0.069)	(0.063)	(0.073)	(0.071)
Control variables
Firm size	0.028***	0.051***	0.025***	0.051***	0.019**	0.036***	0.025***	0.058***
Firm size	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Market share of top selling product/services	0.120***	0.023	0.073***	0.069***	0.032	0.026	0.100***	0.083***
Market share of top selling product/services	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.025)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.025)
Constant	−0.246**	−0.308***	0.001	−0.137	−0.049	−0.136**	−0.110	−0.194***
Constant	(0.100)	(0.099)	(0.095)	(0.095)	(0.065)	(0.060)	(0.069)	(0.067)
Lambda	−0.531**	−0.617***	−0.090	−0.267	−0.230**	−0.241**	−0.325***	−0.279***
Lambda	(0.209)	(0.207)	(0.199)	(0.200)	(0.104)	(0.096)	(0.110)	(0.107)
Rho	−1.00000	−1.00000	−0.20150	−0.58900	−0.54815	−0.62145	−0.72932	−0.64157
Sigma	0.47885088	0.47384284	0.44837051	0.45385674	0.42036098	0.38830608	0.44602053	0.43514375
Wald χ² (13)	397.84	206.66	205.02	237.73	170.97	130.77	149.26	200.01
Prob > χ²	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Observations	2,269	2,269	2,269	2,269	1,468	1,468	1,468	1,468

Note(s): The select equation is included in the regression, but it is not stated in the table. Standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1

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