Table 1 Previous empirical findings on...

Table 1

Previous empirical findings on the causal relationship between exports and economic growth in both developed and developing countries

Author (Year)	Region/Countries	Study period	Causality
Studies in favour of export-led growth [i.e. Exports Granger-cause economic growth]
Boame (1998)	Ghana	1960 to 1992	Exports →Y
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports →Y (Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Syria)
Fountas (2000)	Ireland	1950 to 1990	Exports →Y
Awokuse (2003)	Canada	1961:1 to 2000:4	Exports →Y
Shirazi and Manap (2004)	Pakistan	1960 to 2003	Exports →Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan: 1960–2003 India: 1960–2002 Bangladesh: 1973–2002 Sri Lanka: 1960–2002 Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports →Y (Pakistan)
Siliverstovs and Herzer (2006)	Chile	1960 to 2001	Exports →Y
Jordaan and Eita (2007)	Namibia	1970 to 2005	Exports →Y
Narayan et al. (2007)	Papua New Guinea and Fiji	Papua New Guinea: 1961–1999 Fiji: 1960–2001	Exports →Y Fiji: Long-run Papua New Guinea: Short-run
Dash (2009)	India	(1992[Q1 to 2007[Q4])	Exports →Y
Rangasamy (2009)	South Africa	1960q1 to 2007q3	Exports →Y
Uddin et al. (2010)	Bhutan	1980 to 2005	Exports →Y
Ramona et al. (2010)	Romania	1999 Q1 to 2009 Q4	Exports →Y
Samad (2011)	Algeria	1960 to 2005	Exports →Y
Saad (2012)	Lebanon	1970 to 2010	Exports →Y
Tsaurai and Odhiambo (2012)	Zimbabwe	1980 and 2010	Exports →Y
Dritsaki (2013)	Greece	1960 to 2011	Exports →Y
Abdulkarim (2014)	Saudi Arabia	1968 to 2011	Exports →Y
Bilas et al. (2015)	Croatia	1996 to 2012	Exports →Y
Ee (2016)	Selected SSA countries	1985 to 2014	Exports →Y
Ahmad et al. (2018)	ASEAN5 economies	1981 to 2013	Exports →Y
Ali and Li (2018)	China and Pakistan	1980 to 2015	Exports →Y
Dinç and Gökmen (2019)	Brazil	1960 to 2017	Exports →Y (in the short run)
Kalaitzi and Chamberlain (2020)	The UAE	1975 to 2012	Exports →Y (in the short run)
Kim et al. (2019)	Myanmar	1981 to 2015	Exports →Y
Shakeel and Ahmed (2020)	A panel of five South Asian countries	1980 to 2014	Exports →Y (in the long run)
B: Studies in favour of growth-led export [i.e. Economic growth Granger-causes exports]
Oxley (1993)	Portugal	1865–1985	Y →Exports
Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996)	ASEAN Countries	1966 through 1988	Y →Exports
Henriques and Sadorsky (1996)	Canada	1870 to 1991	Y →Exports
Baharumshah and Rashid (1999)	Malaysia	1970:1 to 1994:4	Y →Exports
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Y →Exports (the UAE)
Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2000)	Nordic economies	Denmark: 1977.1–1996.1 Finland: 1975.1–1994.4 Norway: 1975.1–1996.1 Sweden: 1980.1–1995.2	Y →Exports (for the case of Denmark)
Panas and Vamvoukas (2002)	Greece	1948–1997	Y →Exports (in the long run)
Shan and Tian (2002)	Shanghai	1990(1) to 1996(12)	Y →Exports
Reppas and Christopoulos (2005)	A sample of 22 less developed Asian and African countries	1969 to 1999	Y →Exports
Cetintas and Barisik (2009)	13 transition economies	1995:2 to 2006:4	Y →Exports
Abbas (2012)	Pakistan	1975 to 2010	Y →Exports
Igbal et al. (2012)	Pakistan	1970 to 2009	Y →Exports
Shihab et al. (2014)	Jordan	2000 to 2012	Y →Exports
Bonga et al. (2015)	Zimbabwe	1975 to 2013	Y →Exports
Gokmenoglu et al. (2015)	Costa Rica	1980 to 2013	Y →Exports
Popovici and Călin (2016)	Romania	Quarterly data, 2001 to 2015	Y →Exports
Kalaitzi and Cleeve (2018)	The UAE	1981–2012	Y →Exports (in the long run)
C: Studies in favour of bidirectional causality between exports and economic growth [i.e. exports and economic growth Granger-cause each other]
Kwan and Cotsomitis (1991)	China	1952 to 1985	Exports ↔Y (for the period 1952–1985)
Bahmani-Oskooee and Janardhanan (1993)	LDCs	1973I to 1988IV	Exports ↔Y (in almost all countries in the sample)
Shan and Sun (1998)	China	1987 to 1996	Exports ↔Y
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports ↔Y(Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania and Oman
Wernerheim (2000)	Canada	1947 to 96	Exports ↔Y
Abdulnasser (2002)	Japan	1966:01 to 1999:01	Exports ↔Y
Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2000)	Nordic economies	Denmark: 1977.1–1996.1 Finland: 1975.1–1994.4 Norway: 1975.1–1996.1 Sweden: 1980.1–1995.2	Exports ↔Y (for the case of Finland, Norway and Sweden)
Awokuse (2005)	Korea	1963 to 2001	Exports ↔Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan: 1960–2003 India: 1960–2002 Bangladesh: 1973–2002 Sri Lanka: 1960–2002 Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports ↔Y (Bangladesh and Nepal)
Jordaan and Eita (2009)	Botswana	1996.1 to 2007.4	Exports ↔Y
Elbeydi et al. (2010)	Libya	1980 to 2007	Exports ↔Y
Tsen (2010)	China	1978 to 2002	Exports ↔Y
Rahmaddi and Ichihashi (2011)	Indonesia	1971 to 2008	Exports ↔Y
Sallem and Sial (2015)	Pakistan	1973 to 2013	Exports ↔Y
Sunde (2017)	South Africa	1990 to 2014	Exports ↔Y
Guntukula (2018)	India	April 2005 to March 2017	Exports ↔Y
Kalaitzi and Cleeve (2018)	The UAE	1981–2012	Exports ↔Y (in the short run)
Dinç and Gökmen (2019)	Brazil	1960–2017	Exports ↔Y (in the long run)
Shakeel and Ahmed (2020)	A panel of five South Asian countries	1980 to 2014	Exports ↔Y (in the short run)
D: Studies in favour of neutrality hypothesis [i.e. No causality between exports and economic growth]
Ahmad and Kwan (1991)	47 African Countries	1981 to 1987	Exports ≠Y
Jin and Yu (1996)	US economy	1959:1 to 1992:3	Exports ≠Y
Abdulnasser and Manucher (2000)	Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey	1960 to 1997	Exports ≠Y (for Greece and Turkey)
Ahmed et al. (2000)	Four South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)	1970 to 1997	Exports ≠Y (for the case of Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports ≠Y (Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Sudan and Tunis)
Tang (2006)	China	1970 to 2001	Exports ≠Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan:1960–2003 India: 1960–2002 Bangladesh: 1973–2002 Sri Lanka: 1960–2002 Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports ≠Y (Sri Lanka and India)
Kalaitzi and Chamberlain (2020)	The UAE	1975 to 2012	Exports ≠Y (in the long run)

Author (Year)	Region/Countries	Study period	Causality
Studies in favour of export-led growth [i.e. Exports Granger-cause economic growth]
Boame (1998)	Ghana	1960 to 1992	Exports →Y
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports →Y (Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Syria)
Fountas (2000)	Ireland	1950 to 1990	Exports →Y
Awokuse (2003)	Canada	1961:1 to 2000:4	Exports →Y
Shirazi and Manap (2004)	Pakistan	1960 to 2003	Exports →Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan: 1960–2003India: 1960–2002Bangladesh: 1973–2002Sri Lanka: 1960–2002Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports →Y (Pakistan)
Siliverstovs and Herzer (2006)	Chile	1960 to 2001	Exports →Y
Jordaan and Eita (2007)	Namibia	1970 to 2005	Exports →Y
Narayan et al. (2007)	Papua New Guinea and Fiji	Papua New Guinea: 1961–1999Fiji: 1960–2001	Exports →YFiji: Long-runPapua New Guinea: Short-run
Dash (2009)	India	(1992[Q1 to 2007[Q4])	Exports →Y
Rangasamy (2009)	South Africa	1960q1 to 2007q3	Exports →Y
Uddin et al. (2010)	Bhutan	1980 to 2005	Exports →Y
Ramona et al. (2010)	Romania	1999 Q1 to 2009 Q4	Exports →Y
Samad (2011)	Algeria	1960 to 2005	Exports →Y
Saad (2012)	Lebanon	1970 to 2010	Exports →Y
Tsaurai and Odhiambo (2012)	Zimbabwe	1980 and 2010	Exports →Y
Dritsaki (2013)	Greece	1960 to 2011	Exports →Y
Abdulkarim (2014)	Saudi Arabia	1968 to 2011	Exports →Y
Bilas et al. (2015)	Croatia	1996 to 2012	Exports →Y
Ee (2016)	Selected SSA countries	1985 to 2014	Exports →Y
Ahmad et al. (2018)	ASEAN5 economies	1981 to 2013	Exports →Y
Ali and Li (2018)	China and Pakistan	1980 to 2015	Exports →Y
Dinç and Gökmen (2019)	Brazil	1960 to 2017	Exports →Y (in the short run)
Kalaitzi and Chamberlain (2020)	The UAE	1975 to 2012	Exports →Y (in the short run)
Kim et al. (2019)	Myanmar	1981 to 2015	Exports →Y
Shakeel and Ahmed (2020)	A panel of five South Asian countries	1980 to 2014	Exports →Y (in the long run)
B: Studies in favour of growth-led export [i.e. Economic growth Granger-causes exports]
Oxley (1993)	Portugal	1865–1985	Y →Exports
Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996)	ASEAN Countries	1966 through 1988	Y →Exports
Henriques and Sadorsky (1996)	Canada	1870 to 1991	Y →Exports
Baharumshah and Rashid (1999)	Malaysia	1970:1 to 1994:4	Y →Exports
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Y →Exports (the UAE)
Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2000)	Nordic economies	Denmark: 1977.1–1996.1Finland: 1975.1–1994.4Norway: 1975.1–1996.1Sweden: 1980.1–1995.2	Y →Exports (for the case of Denmark)
Panas and Vamvoukas (2002)	Greece	1948–1997	Y →Exports (in the long run)
Shan and Tian (2002)	Shanghai	1990(1) to 1996(12)	Y →Exports
Reppas and Christopoulos (2005)	A sample of 22 less developed Asian and African countries	1969 to 1999	Y →Exports
Cetintas and Barisik (2009)	13 transition economies	1995:2 to 2006:4	Y →Exports
Abbas (2012)	Pakistan	1975 to 2010	Y →Exports
Igbal et al. (2012)	Pakistan	1970 to 2009	Y →Exports
Shihab et al. (2014)	Jordan	2000 to 2012	Y →Exports
Bonga et al. (2015)	Zimbabwe	1975 to 2013	Y →Exports
Gokmenoglu et al. (2015)	Costa Rica	1980 to 2013	Y →Exports
Popovici and Călin (2016)	Romania	Quarterly data, 2001 to 2015	Y →Exports
Kalaitzi and Cleeve (2018)	The UAE	1981–2012	Y →Exports (in the long run)
C: Studies in favour of bidirectional causality between exports and economic growth [i.e. exports and economic growth Granger-cause each other]
Kwan and Cotsomitis (1991)	China	1952 to 1985	Exports ↔Y (for the period 1952–1985)
Bahmani-Oskooee and Janardhanan (1993)	LDCs	1973I to 1988IV	Exports ↔Y (in almost all countries in the sample)
Shan and Sun (1998)	China	1987 to 1996	Exports ↔Y
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports ↔Y(Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania and Oman
Wernerheim (2000)	Canada	1947 to 96	Exports ↔Y
Abdulnasser (2002)	Japan	1966:01 to 1999:01	Exports ↔Y
Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2000)	Nordic economies	Denmark: 1977.1–1996.1Finland: 1975.1–1994.4Norway: 1975.1–1996.1Sweden: 1980.1–1995.2	Exports ↔Y (for the case of Finland, Norway and Sweden)
Awokuse (2005)	Korea	1963 to 2001	Exports ↔Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan: 1960–2003India: 1960–2002Bangladesh: 1973–2002Sri Lanka: 1960–2002Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports ↔Y (Bangladesh and Nepal)
Jordaan and Eita (2009)	Botswana	1996.1 to 2007.4	Exports ↔Y
Elbeydi et al. (2010)	Libya	1980 to 2007	Exports ↔Y
Tsen (2010)	China	1978 to 2002	Exports ↔Y
Rahmaddi and Ichihashi (2011)	Indonesia	1971 to 2008	Exports ↔Y
Sallem and Sial (2015)	Pakistan	1973 to 2013	Exports ↔Y
Sunde (2017)	South Africa	1990 to 2014	Exports ↔Y
Guntukula (2018)	India	April 2005 to March 2017	Exports ↔Y
Kalaitzi and Cleeve (2018)	The UAE	1981–2012	Exports ↔Y (in the short run)
Dinç and Gökmen (2019)	Brazil	1960–2017	Exports ↔Y (in the long run)
Shakeel and Ahmed (2020)	A panel of five South Asian countries	1980 to 2014	Exports ↔Y (in the short run)
D: Studies in favour of neutrality hypothesis [i.e. No causality between exports and economic growth]
Ahmad and Kwan (1991)	47 African Countries	1981 to 1987	Exports ≠Y
Jin and Yu (1996)	US economy	1959:1 to 1992:3	Exports ≠Y
Abdulnasser and Manucher (2000)	Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey	1960 to 1997	Exports ≠Y (for Greece and Turkey)
Ahmed et al. (2000)	Four South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)	1970 to 1997	Exports ≠Y (for the case of Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)
El-Sakka and Al-Mutairi (2000)	Arab countries	1970 to 1999	Exports ≠Y (Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Sudan and Tunis)
Tang (2006)	China	1970 to 2001	Exports ≠Y
Shirazi and Manap (2005)	five South Asian countries	Pakistan:1960–2003India: 1960–2002Bangladesh: 1973–2002Sri Lanka: 1960–2002Nepal: 1975–2003	Exports ≠Y (Sri Lanka and India)
Kalaitzi and Chamberlain (2020)	The UAE	1975 to 2012	Exports ≠Y (in the long run)

Note(s): Exports →Y means exports cause economic growth; Y→ Exports means economic growth causes exports; Exports ↔Y means there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic growth; and Exports ≠Y means there is no causality between exports and economic growth

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