Table 1 Description of the control...

Table 1

Description of the control variables

	# Of obs.^c	Mean	St.dev	minute	Max
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Treatment variable
1. Is a sci-tech backyard village, 1 = yes	135	0.10	0.30	0	1
Household level control variables
2. Household head's age, in years	1,955	57.53	10.32	26	87
3. Household head's gender, 1 = male	1,955	0.94	0.23	0	1
4. Household head's education, in years	1,955	6.98	3.59	0	16
5. Household head is a village cadre, 1 = yes	1,955	0.06	0.24	0	1
6. Household head is a CCP party member, 1 = yes	1,955	0.14	0.35	0	1
7. Household head is farming, 1 = yes	1,955	0.84	0.37	0	1
8. Household head's risk preference^a	1,955	4.34	3.20	0	10
9. Household head's internal locus of control^b	1,955	4.84	0.76	1	6
10. Household head's external locus of control^b	1,955	2.83	0.98	1	6
11. Family size	1,955	4.69	2.23	1	17
12. Household durable goods	1,955	1.67	0.77	0	3.20
13. Household's total farmland, in hectares	1,955	0.50	0.73	0.2	20
14. Household's farmland pieces	1,955	3.56	2.21	1	15
15. # of household members with off-farm employment	1,955	1.19	1.14	0	7
16. Household received a subsidy, 1 = yes	1,955	0.87	0.34	0	1
Village-level control variables
17. Village population in 2017	135	1385.19	840.82	300	6,000
18. % of agricultural labor in 2017	135	0.95	0.14	0.18	1
19. Per capita farmland in village, in hectares	135	0.10	0.04	0.03	0.25
20. Number of irrigation wells	135	19.55	14.70	0	65
21. % of migration	135	27.99	18.07	0	86.80
22. Distance to the township seat (km)	135	3.82	2.47	1	12.5
23. Distance to the county seat (km)	135	12.68	7.37	1	45.00

	# Of obs.^c	Mean	St.dev	minute	Max
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Treatment variable
1. Is a sci-tech backyard village, 1 = yes	135	0.10	0.30	0	1
Household level control variables
2. Household head's age, in years	1,955	57.53	10.32	26	87
3. Household head's gender, 1 = male	1,955	0.94	0.23	0	1
4. Household head's education, in years	1,955	6.98	3.59	0	16
5. Household head is a village cadre, 1 = yes	1,955	0.06	0.24	0	1
6. Household head is a CCP party member, 1 = yes	1,955	0.14	0.35	0	1
7. Household head is farming, 1 = yes	1,955	0.84	0.37	0	1
8. Household head's risk preference^a	1,955	4.34	3.20	0	10
9. Household head's internal locus of control^b	1,955	4.84	0.76	1	6
10. Household head's external locus of control^b	1,955	2.83	0.98	1	6
11. Family size	1,955	4.69	2.23	1	17
12. Household durable goods	1,955	1.67	0.77	0	3.20
13. Household's total farmland, in hectares	1,955	0.50	0.73	0.2	20
14. Household's farmland pieces	1,955	3.56	2.21	1	15
15. # of household members with off-farm employment	1,955	1.19	1.14	0	7
16. Household received a subsidy, 1 = yes	1,955	0.87	0.34	0	1
Village-level control variables
17. Village population in 2017	135	1385.19	840.82	300	6,000
18. % of agricultural labor in 2017	135	0.95	0.14	0.18	1
19. Per capita farmland in village, in hectares	135	0.10	0.04	0.03	0.25
20. Number of irrigation wells	135	19.55	14.70	0	65
21. % of migration	135	27.99	18.07	0	86.80
22. Distance to the township seat (km)	135	3.82	2.47	1	12.5
23. Distance to the county seat (km)	135	12.68	7.37	1	45.00

Note(s): ^aWe measured household head's general risk preference with a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 stands absolutely risk averse, and 10 stands absolute risk prefer; ^bWe controlled household head's personality trait (the internal and external locus of control), which has been frequently examined in technology adoption literature (Ali et al., 2019); ^cIn total we surveyed 2,119 rural smallholders. There were 135 smallholders who did not plant either wheat or maize in 2017, while 1921 rural smallholders planted both wheat and maize in 2017. Thus, we have 1,955 smallholders' that planted wheat in 2017, and 1,950 smallholders that planted maize in 2017. Here we report the descriptive statistics of the sample of 1,955 smallholders' that planted wheat

Source(s): Authors' survey in 2018

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