Table 2 Description of the outcome...

Table 2

Description of the outcome variables

Outcome variables	# Of obs.^c	Mean	st.d	minute	Max
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Household grain production outcomes
1. Wheat yield in 2017, kg⁻¹ ha	1,955	7,161	937	1,500	10,500
2. Maize yield in 2017, kg⁻¹ ha	1,950	8,036	1,379	840	14,000
Nutrient (and fertilizer) use efficiency for wheat production^a,b
3. Basal nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	115.79	32.48	6.91	540
4. Top-dressing nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	190.28	119.19	15.87	540
5. Nitrogen use efficiency [NUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	27.94	13.55	3.55	88.05
6. Basal phosphorous [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	110.13	25.97	0	187.88
7. Top-dressing phosphorous [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	37.91	52.72	0	168.75
8. Phosphorous use efficiency [PUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	52.71	18.42	13.33	133.33
9. Basal potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	109.17	26.70	0	187.88
10. Top-dressing potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	39.04	58.01	0	577.50
11. Potassium use efficiency [KUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	53.24	19.74	10.87	191.39
Nutrient (and fertilizer) use efficiency for maize production^a,b
12. Basal nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	110.70	32.29	2.76	405
13. Top-dressing Nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	89.49	127.63	17.25	574
14. Nitrate use efficiency [NUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	55.04	27.95	2.51	171.67
15. Basal phosphorus [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	104.37	23.94	0	189
16. Top-dressing phosphorus [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	16.70	39.37	0	192
17. Phosphorus use efficiency [PUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	69.18	20.66	7.47	138
18. Basal potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	103.84	24.35	0	248
19. Top-dressing potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	16.65	39.47	0	270
20. Potassium use efficiency [KUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	69.67	21.32	7.47	171.67

Outcome variables	# Of obs.^c	Mean	st.d	minute	Max
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Household grain production outcomes
1. Wheat yield in 2017, kg⁻¹ ha	1,955	7,161	937	1,500	10,500
2. Maize yield in 2017, kg⁻¹ ha	1,950	8,036	1,379	840	14,000
Nutrient (and fertilizer) use efficiency for wheat production^a,b
3. Basal nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	115.79	32.48	6.91	540
4. Top-dressing nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	190.28	119.19	15.87	540
5. Nitrogen use efficiency [NUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	27.94	13.55	3.55	88.05
6. Basal phosphorous [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	110.13	25.97	0	187.88
7. Top-dressing phosphorous [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	37.91	52.72	0	168.75
8. Phosphorous use efficiency [PUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	52.71	18.42	13.33	133.33
9. Basal potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	109.17	26.70	0	187.88
10. Top-dressing potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,054	39.04	58.01	0	577.50
11. Potassium use efficiency [KUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,054	53.24	19.74	10.87	191.39
Nutrient (and fertilizer) use efficiency for maize production^a,b
12. Basal nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	110.70	32.29	2.76	405
13. Top-dressing Nitrate [N] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	89.49	127.63	17.25	574
14. Nitrate use efficiency [NUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	55.04	27.95	2.51	171.67
15. Basal phosphorus [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	104.37	23.94	0	189
16. Top-dressing phosphorus [P] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	16.70	39.37	0	192
17. Phosphorus use efficiency [PUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	69.18	20.66	7.47	138
18. Basal potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	103.84	24.35	0	248
19. Top-dressing potassium [K] applied, kg⁻¹ ha	1,053	16.65	39.47	0	270
20. Potassium use efficiency [KUE], kg⁻¹ kg	1,053	69.67	21.32	7.47	171.67

Note(s): ^aThe fertilizers were generally applied twice during the crop-growth period: the basal fertilizer was applied either before the seeding (for wheat) or during the seeding (for maize), and the top-dressing fertilizer was applied during the plants' growth before the grain formation; ^bThe nutrient use efficiencies (incl. NUE, PUE and KUE) were calculated based on the total fertilizer applied and the final harvest (same measures as in Zhang et al. (2016)); ^cWe randomly selected 50% of the sample to collect the detailed fertilizer use and nutrient input data. In total we have 1,038 rural smallholder with detailed data on both wheat and maize nutrient use, 16 smallholders with nutrient data for wheat production only, and 15 smallholders with nutrient data for maize production only

Source(s): Authors' survey in 2018

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