Effect of STB on smallholders' nutrient use efficiency, OLS and matching result
| Wheat production | Maize production | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary least square (OLS) | Coarse exact match with OLS adjustment | Ordinary least square (OLS) | Coarse exact match with OLS adjustment | |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel 1: Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), kg−1 kg | ||||||
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 1. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 3.03** (1.34) | 3.28*** (1.32) | 2.51* (1.45) | 1.97 (4.26) | 1.86 (4.33) | 2.27 (4.04) |
| 2. Individual and family characteristics controlled | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 3. Village characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 27.95 | 28.34 | 55.04 | 55.92 | ||
| Standard deviations | [13.61] | [13.48] | [27.95] | [28.90] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
| Panel 2: Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), kg−1 kg | ||||||
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 4. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 3.84 (2.42) | 4.42* (2.33) | 6.47** (2.64) | 4.92** (2.42) | 5.02** (2.34) | 4.68** (2.13) |
| 6. Individual and family characteristics controlled | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 7. Village characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 52.71 | 52.99 | 69.18 | 70.43 | ||
| Standard deviations | [18.42] | [18.96] | [20.66] | [20.81] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
| Panel 3: Potassium use efficiency (KUE), kg−1 kg | ||||||
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 8. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 4.68* (2.54) | 5.59** (2.48) | 7.59*** (2.84) | 5.78** (2.52) | 5.91** (2.48) | 5.30** (2.49) |
| 10. Individual and family characteristics controlled | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| 11. Village characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 53.24 | 53.57 | 69.67 | 71.07 | ||
| Standard deviations | [19.74] | [20.75] | [21.32] | [21.92] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
| Wheat production | Maize production | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary least square (OLS) | Coarse exact match with OLS adjustment | Ordinary least square (OLS) | Coarse exact match with OLS adjustment | |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 1. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 3.03** (1.34) | 3.28*** (1.32) | 2.51* (1.45) | 1.97 (4.26) | 1.86 (4.33) | 2.27 (4.04) |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 27.95 | 28.34 | 55.04 | 55.92 | ||
| Standard deviations | [13.61] | [13.48] | [27.95] | [28.90] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 4. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 3.84 (2.42) | 4.42* (2.33) | 6.47** (2.64) | 4.92** (2.42) | 5.02** (2.34) | 4.68** (2.13) |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 52.71 | 52.99 | 69.18 | 70.43 | ||
| Standard deviations | [18.42] | [18.96] | [20.66] | [20.81] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
| Treatment variable | ||||||
| 8. Is a STB village, 1 = yes | 4.68* (2.54) | 5.59** (2.48) | 7.59*** (2.84) | 5.78** (2.52) | 5.91** (2.48) | 5.30** (2.49) |
| Mean (kg per kg) | 53.24 | 53.57 | 69.67 | 71.07 | ||
| Standard deviations | [19.74] | [20.75] | [21.32] | [21.92] | ||
| # of clusters | 135 | 65 | 135 | 65 | ||
| # of households | 1,054 | 518 | 1,053 | 510 | ||
Note(s): Robust clustered-standard errors in parentheses, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
Source(s): Authors' survey in 2018
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