Table 3

KPI classification

ProcessKPIReferencesStrategy OW
NPDDevelopment of prototype cycle timeYeh et al. (2010), Sherman et al. (2005), Dombrowski et al. (2013), DCOR (design),N/A
NPDTotal cost of prototypes realizedDCOR (design)L
NPDTotal cost of samples producedDCOR (design)L
NPD# Of new models plannedDCOR (design)N/A
NPD# Of new products introducedCai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), DCOR (integrate)A
NPD# Of changes per product designDCOR (design, integrate, Amend)A
NPDTotal cost of new product developmentPinna et al. (2017), Piotrowicz and Cuthbertson (2015), Yeh et al. (2010) L
NPDAverage time associated with new product changesSherman et al. (2005), Pinna et al. (2017) N/A
PVolatility of forecastsChae (2009) L-A
PForecasting technique accuracyBhagwat and Sharma (2007), Lapide (2000), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Chae (2009), Papakiriakopoulos and Pramatari (2010), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), SCOR (RL 3.37)L-A
PCost of supply chain managementCai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), Lapide (2000), Shepherd and Günter (2011) L
SSupplier lead timeBhagwat and Sharma (2007), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Shepherd and Günter (2011) N/A
SSupplier service level (product compliance, quantity)Shepherd and Günter (2011), Bhagwat and Sharma (2007), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Chan (2003), Sellitto et al. (2015) A
S, DTotal cost of raw materials/semi-finished products/finished warehouse productsBeamon (1999), Bhagwat and Sharma (2007), Cai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Stewart (1995), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) L
S, DWarehouse obsolescence costsBeamon (1999), Chae (2009), Shepherd and Günter (2011) L
S, DInventory level of raw materials/semi-finished products/finished productsSellitto et al. (2015) L
S% Of wrong deliveries (quantity, non-conforming products)Bhagwat and Sharma (2007), Chan (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) A
SReturn costSCOR (CO.2.007)L
SIdentifying sources of supply cycle timeSCOR (RS.3.35)N/A
SSelect supplier and negotiate cycle timeSCOR (RS.3.125)N/A
SVerify product cycle timeSCOR (RS.3.140)N/A
SMaterial landed cost
  • Cost of purchased materials

  • Material transport cost

  • Customs material cost, duties, taxes and tariffs

SCOR (CO.2.003)L
SDefective inventory percentageSCOR (AM.3.28)A
SDelivery item accuracySCOR (RL.3.33)A
SDelivery quantity accuracySCOR (RL 3.35)A
S% orders received on time to demand requirementSCOR (RL 3.20)A
MTotal production costs
  • -

    Production labor costs (direct)

  • -

    Cost of automation

  • -

    Cost of productive assets

  • -

    Production management costs

Beamon (1999), Cai et al. (2009), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015), SCOR (CO.2.004)L
MProduction lead timeBeamon (1999), Chan (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) N/A
M# Stock keeping unit (SKU)Shepherd and Günter (2011), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Bhagwat and Sharma (2007) N/A
MProductivityGunasekaran et al. (2004), Kumar Hurreeram et al. (2014) L
MProduction capacityBhagwat and Sharma (2007), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Kumar (2013), Kumar Hurreeram et al. (2014) L
M% of non-compliance on total productsGunasekaran et al. (2004), Sellitto et al. (2015), Kumar Hurreeram et al. (2014) A
MMake cycle timeYeh et al. (2010), Pinna et al. (2017), SCOR (RS.2.2)N/A
DInventory turnoverLapide (2000), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Battista and Schiraldi (2013), Papakiriakopoulos and Pramatari (2010) N/A
DTransportation costsBeamon (1999), Cai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Kumar Hurreeram et al. (2014), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015), SCOR (CO.3.022)L
DCustomer response time (service level)Beamon (1999), Bhagwat and Sharma (2007), Cai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), De Felice and Petrillo (2013), Gunasekaran et al. (2004), Lapide (2000), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Sellitto et al. (2015), Shepherd and Günter (2011) A
D# of on-time deliveriesBeamon (1999), Chae (2009), Chan (2003), De Felice and Petrillo (2013), Lapide (2000), Sellitto et al. (2015), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) A
DDistribution Lead timeShepherd and Günter (2011), Gunasekaran et al. (2004) N/A
D% of urgent deliveriesGunasekaran et al. (2004), Bhagwat and Sharma (2007) A
D# stock outBeamon (1999), Cai et al. (2009), Chan (2003), Otto and Kotzab (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) L
D# back orderBeamon (1999), Shepherd and Günter (2011), Thilakarathna et al. (2015) L
D# lost salesMattila et al. (2002) L
DSell-thought (%)Beamon (1999), Cai et al. (2009), Mattila et al. (2002), Moore and Fairhurst (2003), Shepherd and Günter (2011) L
DNew product sales rateCai et al. (2009) A
D% of orders delivered in full (quantity)Beamon (1999), SCOR (RL 2.1)A
D% defect free conformance orders deliveredSCOR (RL 3.42)A
R% of products replaced (non-compliant)Mattila et al. (2002), Sellitto et al. (2015), Kumar Hurreeram et al. (2014) A

Note(s): NPD: new product development; P: plan; S: source; M: make; D: delivery; R: return; L: lean; A: agile; N/A: not applicable

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