Reliability statistics for the scales
| Number of items (n) | Mean | Variance | Significance level (p) | SD | Cronbach’s reliability (α) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Managers’ entrepreneurial orientation EO (H1) | n=14 | 30.91 | 54.06 | p=0.000** | 7.35 | α=0.77 |
| Innovativeness (H1a) | n=4 | 8.98 | 15.90 | p=0.25 | 3.98 | α=0.84 |
| We are usually first-to-market with new products or services | 2.10 | 1.15 | ||||
| I encourage the development of innovative marketing strategies, knowing well that some will fail | 2.30 | 1.22 | ||||
| I value creative new solutions more than the solutions of conventional wisdom | 2.33 | 1.14 | ||||
| Our R&D team embraces new ideas and exemplifies technological leadership | 2.25 | 1.32 | ||||
| Proactiveness (H1b) | n=4 | 10.59 | 9.89 | p=0.000** | 3.15 | α=0.76 |
| Play it safe | 2.17 | 1.19 | ||||
| Risk-reducing | 2.19 | 1.09 | ||||
| Debt seeking | 1.86 | 1.08 | ||||
| Uncertainty is not a priority for me | 1.10 | 1.04 | ||||
| Risk-taking (H1c) | n=6 | 11.35 | 9.28 | p=0.000** | 3.05 | α=0.71 |
| I accept risks | 2.58 | 0.92 | ||||
| Lack of confidence | 1.44 | 1.13 | ||||
| I think that change creates opportunities | 2.72 | 0.87 | ||||
| I prefer opportunities over problems | 2.19 | 1.14 | ||||
| Introduce ahead of competition | 2.91 | 1.06 | ||||
| Anticipate future demand | 2.78 | 1.03 | ||||
| Importing current processes and operations used in other countries and adapting as needed | 2.49 | 1.16 | ||||
| Importing current processes and operations and forcing them to work in a new environment | 2.15 | 1.28 | ||||
| Adapting to (or creating) a local infrastructure through non-traditional channels | 1.78 | 1.15 | ||||
| Government affiliation (H2) | n=3 | 4.275 | p=0.5** | α=0.70 | ||
| When entering a newly liberalized market, which hierarchal level of government is the most important for you when establishing relationships? | 5.00 | 5.082 | α=0.76 | |||
| How intensive (closely integrated) will your relationship be with the level of government selected in the previous question? (1: least intensive, 5: most intensive) | 2.56 | 1.37 | ||||
| When entering a newly liberalized market, how important is the government affiliation to your company’s strategy? | 2.44 | 1.28 | ||||
| Firm global performance: compared to your main competitors, mark your company’s level of performance spanning the last three financial years (H3) | n=14 | 31.17 | 91.020 | p=0.000** | 9.540 | α=0.93 |
| 1. Overseas markets | 2.12 | 1.05 | ||||
| 2. Revenue growth | 2.32 | 1.11 | ||||
| 3. Profitability | 2.43 | 1.05 | ||||
| 4. Overall performance | 2.52 | 0.99 | ||||
| 5. Profit to revenue ratio | 2.46 | 0.92 | ||||
| 6. Cash flow | 2.30 | 0.98 | ||||
| 7. Net profit | 2.44 | 0.94 | ||||
| 8. ROI | 2.51 | 0.91 | ||||
| 9. ROA | 2.44 | 0.87 | ||||
| 10. Market share gain | 2.17 | 1.15 | ||||
| 11. Service quality | 2.48 | 0.99 | ||||
| 12. Competitive profile | 2.74 | 0.95 | ||||
| 13. Growth estimate for 5 years | 2.23 | 1.00 | ||||
| 14. Net profit | 2.44 | 0.94 |
| Number of items ( | Mean | Variance | Significance level ( | SD | Cronbach’s reliability ( | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30.91 | 54.06 | 7.35 | ||||
| Innovativeness ( | 8.98 | 15.90 | 3.98 | |||
| We are usually first-to-market with new products or services | 2.10 | 1.15 | ||||
| I encourage the development of innovative marketing strategies, knowing well that some will fail | 2.30 | 1.22 | ||||
| I value creative new solutions more than the solutions of conventional wisdom | 2.33 | 1.14 | ||||
| Our R&D team embraces new ideas and exemplifies technological leadership | 2.25 | 1.32 | ||||
| Proactiveness ( | 10.59 | 9.89 | 3.15 | |||
| Play it safe | 2.17 | 1.19 | ||||
| Risk-reducing | 2.19 | 1.09 | ||||
| Debt seeking | 1.86 | 1.08 | ||||
| Uncertainty is not a priority for me | 1.10 | 1.04 | ||||
| Risk-taking ( | 11.35 | 9.28 | 3.05 | |||
| I accept risks | 2.58 | 0.92 | ||||
| Lack of confidence | 1.44 | 1.13 | ||||
| I think that change creates opportunities | 2.72 | 0.87 | ||||
| I prefer opportunities over problems | 2.19 | 1.14 | ||||
| Introduce ahead of competition | 2.91 | 1.06 | ||||
| Anticipate future demand | 2.78 | 1.03 | ||||
| Importing current processes and operations used in other countries and adapting as needed | 2.49 | 1.16 | ||||
| Importing current processes and operations and forcing them to work in a new environment | 2.15 | 1.28 | ||||
| Adapting to (or creating) a local infrastructure through non-traditional channels | 1.78 | 1.15 | ||||
| 4.275 | ||||||
| When entering a newly liberalized market, which hierarchal level of government is the most important for you when establishing relationships? | 5.00 | 5.082 | ||||
| How intensive (closely integrated) will your relationship be with the level of government selected in the previous question? (1: least intensive, 5: most intensive) | 2.56 | 1.37 | ||||
| When entering a newly liberalized market, how important is the government affiliation to your company’s strategy? | 2.44 | 1.28 | ||||
| 31.17 | 91.020 | 9.540 | ||||
| 1. Overseas markets | 2.12 | 1.05 | ||||
| 2. Revenue growth | 2.32 | 1.11 | ||||
| 3. Profitability | 2.43 | 1.05 | ||||
| 4. Overall performance | 2.52 | 0.99 | ||||
| 5. Profit to revenue ratio | 2.46 | 0.92 | ||||
| 6. Cash flow | 2.30 | 0.98 | ||||
| 7. Net profit | 2.44 | 0.94 | ||||
| 8. ROI | 2.51 | 0.91 | ||||
| 9. ROA | 2.44 | 0.87 | ||||
| 10. Market share gain | 2.17 | 1.15 | ||||
| 11. Service quality | 2.48 | 0.99 | ||||
| 12. Competitive profile | 2.74 | 0.95 | ||||
| 13. Growth estimate for 5 years | 2.23 | 1.00 | ||||
| 14. Net profit | 2.44 | 0.94 |
Notes: Typical five-point Likert scales were used to measure each concept. EO (innovativeness; proactiveness, and risk-taking) (1=totally disagree; 5=totally agree). Government affiliation (1=less intensive; 5=most intensive) (1=not important; 5=critically important). Firm global performance (1=much worse than my competitors; 5=generally outperforming my competitors). **Statistically significant at P⩽0.001
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