Descriptive statistics
| ACC | ∆REV | PPE | ∆REV–∆REC | ∆CFO | ROA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | −36489.66 | 3079.11 | 10964.21 | −39456.90 | 1904.13 | 1.70 |
| Median | −92,548 | 1,207 | 6,147 | −25,479 | 701 | 1.69 |
| Maximum | 73,628 | 39,048 | 76,250 | 80,451 | 59,476 | 5.11 |
| Minimum | −2,645,981 | −21,475 | 0.001 | −409,647 | −86,479 | −0.64 |
| Std. dev | 645,817 | 6147.64 | 20794.84 | 61074.24 | 16847.56 | 1.07 |
| Skewness | −1.4107 | 1.8648 | 1.3475 | −2.0864 | −1.0201 | 0.7864 |
| Kurtosis | 9.7584 | 20.6417 | 6.7648 | 14.1864 | 8.9647 | 3.0648 |
| Jarque-Bera | 214.64*** | 1143.09*** | 164.76*** | 792.34*** | 97.57*** | 10.67** |
| ACC | ∆REV | PPE | ∆REV–∆REC | ∆CFO | ROA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | −36489.66 | 3079.11 | 10964.21 | −39456.90 | 1904.13 | 1.70 |
| Median | −92,548 | 1,207 | 6,147 | −25,479 | 701 | 1.69 |
| Maximum | 73,628 | 39,048 | 76,250 | 80,451 | 59,476 | 5.11 |
| Minimum | −2,645,981 | −21,475 | 0.001 | −409,647 | −86,479 | −0.64 |
| Std. dev | 645,817 | 6147.64 | 20794.84 | 61074.24 | 16847.56 | 1.07 |
| Skewness | −1.4107 | 1.8648 | 1.3475 | −2.0864 | −1.0201 | 0.7864 |
| Kurtosis | 9.7584 | 20.6417 | 6.7648 | 14.1864 | 8.9647 | 3.0648 |
| Jarque-Bera | 214.64*** | 1143.09*** | 164.76*** | 792.34*** | 97.57*** | 10.67** |
Note(s): *, ** and *** indicate significance at the 10, 5 and 1% levels, respectively
Source(s): Authors' own calculations