Table 3 Unit root test first difference:...

Table 3

Unit root test first difference: ADF and PP tests

Test type	Aggregate unemployment insurance spending	Labor force participation rate	Labor force participation rate: Male	Labor force participation rate: Female
ADF test: without trend and intercept	−5.17**	−5.70**	−14.92**	−3.85**
PP test: with intercept	−21.60**	−37.61**	−41.97**	−35.81**

Test type	Aggregate unemployment insurance spending	Labor force participation rate	Labor force participation rate: Male	Labor force participation rate: Female
ADF test: without trend and intercept	−5.17**	−5.70**	−14.92**	−3.85**
PP test: with intercept	−21.60**	−37.61**	−41.97**	−35.81**

Note(s): (1) Augmented Dickey-Fuller test critical values: −3.99 for 1% (**), −3.42 for 5% (*) and −3.13 for 10%, (2) Phillips-Perron test critical values: −3.45 for 1% (**), −2.87 for 5% (*) and −2.57 for 10%. (3) Values are in their first difference

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