Table 3. Operationalization of the...

Table 3.

Operationalization of the external factors

Dimension	Item	Authors who investigated the influence of the Item	Item indicators in this study
Weather	Temperature	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Keles et al. (2018); Bertrand et al. (2015); Parsons (2001); Gailliot (2014); Cunningham (1979); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005); Curini et al. (2015); Denissen et al. (2008); Zwebner et al. (2013); Moffett (1996)	Temperature in Degrees Celsius at the time of posting^a
	Precipitation (rain or snow)	Guo et al. (2007); Parsons (2001); Murray et al. (2010); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005); Curini et al. (2015)	Precipitation in mm on the day of posting^b
	Humidity	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Murray et al. (2010); Cunningham (1979); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005)	Humidity in % at the time of posting^a
	Barometric pressure	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Murray et al. (2010); Denissen et al. (2008)	Barometric pressure in mbar at the time of posting^a
	Wind velocity/direction	Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Cunningham (1979); Denissen et al. (2008); Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012)	Wind velocity in km/h at the time of posting^a
	Sunshine/cloudiness	Hirshleifer and Shumway (2003); Murray et al. (2010); Cunningham (1979); Denissen et al. (2008); Simonsohn (2007); Rind (1996); Hribersek et al. (1987)	Sunshine or partly sunshine at the time of posting: no (0) vs yes (1)^a/c
	Thunderstorms	Von Mackensen et al. (2005)	Not used in this study^d
	Abrupt weather changes	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Shutty et al. (1992); Denissen et al. (2008); Spasova (2011)	Not used in this study^d
Point in time
	Time of the day	Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Egloff et al. (1995)	Leisure time (5–10 p.m.): no (0) vs yes (1)
	Day of the week	Reis et al. (2000); Curini et al. (2015); Egloff et al. (1995); Larsen and Kasimatis (1990); Canova and Nicolini (2019); Kennedy-Moore et al. (1992); McFarlane et al. (1988); Stone et al. (1985); Parsons (2001); Kahn and Schmittlein (1989); Guo et al. (2007)	Weekday: Monday till Sunday
	Month	Curini et al. (2015)	Not used in this study^d
	Season	Guo et al. (2007); Radas and Shugan (1998); Kamstra et al. (2003); Denissen et al. (2008)	Not used in this study^d
	Holiday month/public holidays (e.g. Mother’s Day, Christmas, Easter)	Guo et al. (2007); Parsons (2001); Curini et al. (2015)	Holiday Month (February, July, August, December): no (0) vs yes (1) Public holidays in Lower Austria: no (0) vs yes (1)

Dimension	Item	Authors who investigated the influence of the Item	Item indicators in this study
Weather	Temperature	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Keles et al. (2018); Bertrand et al. (2015); Parsons (2001); Gailliot (2014); Cunningham (1979); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005); Curini et al. (2015); Denissen et al. (2008); Zwebner et al. (2013); Moffett (1996)	Temperature in Degrees Celsius at the time of posting^a
	Precipitation(rain or snow)	Guo et al. (2007); Parsons (2001); Murray et al. (2010); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005); Curini et al. (2015)	Precipitation in mm on the day of posting^b
	Humidity	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Murray et al. (2010); Cunningham (1979); Shutty et al. (1992); Von Mackensen et al. (2005)	Humidity in % at the time of posting^a
	Barometric pressure	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Murray et al. (2010); Denissen et al. (2008)	Barometric pressure in mbar at the time of posting^a
	Wind velocity/direction	Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Cunningham (1979); Denissen et al. (2008); Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012)	Wind velocity in km/h at the time of posting^a
	Sunshine/cloudiness	Hirshleifer and Shumway (2003); Murray et al. (2010); Cunningham (1979); Denissen et al. (2008); Simonsohn (2007); Rind (1996); Hribersek et al. (1987)	Sunshine or partly sunshine at the time of posting: no (0) vs yes (1)^a/c
	Thunderstorms	Von Mackensen et al. (2005)	Not used in this study^d
	Abrupt weather changes	Phithakkitnukoon et al. (2012); Shutty et al. (1992); Denissen et al. (2008); Spasova (2011)	Not used in this study^d
Point in time
	Time of the day	Horanont et al. (2013); Guo et al. (2007); Egloff et al. (1995)	Leisure time (5–10 p.m.): no (0) vs yes (1)
	Day of the week	Reis et al. (2000); Curini et al. (2015); Egloff et al. (1995); Larsen and Kasimatis (1990); Canova and Nicolini (2019); Kennedy-Moore et al. (1992); McFarlane et al. (1988); Stone et al. (1985); Parsons (2001); Kahn and Schmittlein (1989); Guo et al. (2007)	Weekday: Monday till Sunday
	Month	Curini et al. (2015)	Not used in this study^d
	Season	Guo et al. (2007); Radas and Shugan (1998); Kamstra et al. (2003); Denissen et al. (2008)	Not used in this study^d
	Holiday month/public holidays (e.g. Mother’s Day, Christmas, Easter)	Guo et al. (2007); Parsons (2001); Curini et al. (2015)	Holiday Month (February, July, August, December): no (0) vs yes (1)Public holidays in Lower Austria: no (0) vs yes (1)

Notes:

Weather data of the website: www.timeanddate.de/wetter. The weather information is predominantly provided on a half-hourly basis. This may result in a slight time difference between the time of a given posting and the time of a given weather measurement. ^bWeather data of the website: www.wetteronline.at. ^cWe applied the weather descriptions as used on the website www.timeanddate.de/wetter (e.g., sunny, partly sunny, passing clouds, cloudy). ^dDue to the insignificant consideration in the literature, the dimensions “Thunderstorms” and “Month” were not used for further investigation. Moreover, a profound consideration of the dimension “Abrupt weather changes” would have doubled the number of weather variables applied from 6 to 12. Therefore, the authors suggest separately considering “Abrupt weather changes” in future studies. We did not focus on “season” as a separate dimension, as seasonal effects are indirectly measured by weather variables, such as temperature or precipitation

Source: Own compilation

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