Table 1 Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF)... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philip–Perron (PP) unit root tests in levels

Test variable	ADF test Null: variable has uni root		PP test Null: variable has unit root
Test variable	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance
DEF	−1.9594	−3.4921	−1.9175	−3.4921
GDP	−0.0258		−0.2011

Test variable	ADF testNull: variable has uni root		PP testNull: variable has unit root
Test variable	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance
DEF	−1.9594	−3.4921	−1.9175	−3.4921
GDP	−0.0258		−0.2011

variable	ADF test Null: variable has unit root		PP test Null:variable has unit root
variable	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance
DEF	−7.4731	−1.9469	−7.5266	−1.9469
GDP	−4.7427		−4.7427

variable	ADF testNull: variable has unit root		PP testNull:variable has unit root
variable	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance	Test statistic	Critical value at 5% statistical significance
DEF	−7.4731	−1.9469	−7.5266	−1.9469
GDP	−4.7427		−4.7427