Variable measures and description
| Variable | Measure | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent variables | Has the adoption of the I4.0 technologies | |
| CP in design (CP_DES) | Brought a more active role of customer participation in the design of the products | Likert scale (1–5) |
| CP in production (CP_PROD) | Brought a more active role of customer participation in the production of products | Likert scale (1–5) |
| Independent variable | ||
| I4.0 (I.4.0-TEC) | 3D Printer, AM, IoT, Robotics, big data and AR | Continuous (1–6) |
| Control variables | ||
| Size | Size of the firm measured as the natural logarithm of the number of employees | Continuous |
| Firm's location | Location of companies (at the regional level: Piedmont, Lumbardy, Emilia-Romagna, Trentino Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia) | Dummy |
| Industry type | Industry to which a firm belongs | Dummy |
| R&D | Internal R&D investments (% on turnover) | Continuous |
| B2C | 1 if a firm operates in B2C (vs B2B) | Dummy |
| Competitive advantage | 1 if a firm's competitive advantage is product innovation | Dichotomous |
| ROA | Avg. of ROA of last five years | Continuous |
| Variable | Measure | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Has the adoption of the I4.0 technologies | ||
| CP in design (CP_DES) | Brought a more active role of customer participation in the design of the products | Likert scale (1–5) |
| CP in production (CP_PROD) | Brought a more active role of customer participation in the production of products | Likert scale (1–5) |
| I4.0 (I.4.0-TEC) | 3D Printer, AM, IoT, Robotics, big data and AR | Continuous (1–6) |
| Size | Size of the firm measured as the natural logarithm of the number of employees | Continuous |
| Firm's location | Location of companies (at the regional level: Piedmont, Lumbardy, Emilia-Romagna, Trentino Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli Venezia Giulia) | Dummy |
| Industry type | Industry to which a firm belongs | Dummy |
| R&D | Internal R&D investments (% on turnover) | Continuous |
| B2C | 1 if a firm operates in B2C (vs B2B) | Dummy |
| Competitive advantage | 1 if a firm's competitive advantage is product innovation | Dichotomous |
| ROA | Avg. of ROA of last five years | Continuous |
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