Average importance (scale: 1 = not at all important; 7 = very important) and counterfactual change in importance (scale: −3 = large decrease in importance; 0 = no change; +3 = large increase in importance) of various means of protecting the competitive advantage of new or improved technologies among startups
| How important are the following means of protecting the competitive advantage of new or improved technologies for your company? | Factual importance (std. dev.) | Counterfactual change | Significance (difference from 0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patents | 4.68 (2.18) | – | – |
| Secrecy (including trade secrets) | 5.33 (1.82) | 1.39 | 0.000 |
| Creation of market lead times by other means than patents and secrecy | 5.20 (1.43) | 1.20 | 0.000 |
| Keeping qualified personnel in the firm | 6.08 (1.53) | 0.831 | 0.000 |
| Cost reductions in the production of new or improved products and services | 4.80 (1.76) | 0.246 | 0.077 |
| Marketing and after sales service (including branding and trademarks) | 5.15 (1.71) | 0.754 | 0.000 |
| How important are the following means of protecting the competitive advantage of new or improved technologies for your company? | Factual importance (std. dev.) | Counterfactual change | Significance (difference from 0) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patents | 4.68 (2.18) | – | – |
| Secrecy (including trade secrets) | 5.33 (1.82) | 1.39 | 0.000 |
| Creation of market lead times by other means than patents and secrecy | 5.20 (1.43) | 1.20 | 0.000 |
| Keeping qualified personnel in the firm | 6.08 (1.53) | 0.831 | 0.000 |
| Cost reductions in the production of new or improved products and services | 4.80 (1.76) | 0.246 | 0.077 |
| Marketing and after sales service (including branding and trademarks) | 5.15 (1.71) | 0.754 | 0.000 |
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