Table 2

General overview of the innovation process of the companies investigated

CompanySizeProcess innovationProduct innovationManufacturing of customised items
Business area where innovations are introducedMain goals of the new collection designed
ASmallCommunication: implementation of a CRM platformPreserving the company's styleNo
BMediumManufacturing: Implementation of new manufacturing technologies to reduce manufacturing lead times
Distribution: creation of 2 divisions to manage distribution activities in different markets
Employees training: Training of new enrolled people by company employees and by external consultants
Preserving the company's style; adapting the clothing items to the market trendsNo
CSmalln.aAdapting the clothing items to the market trendsYes, for private labels
DBigHuman resource management: New strategies for human resource management, to incentivize value creation and social responsibility
Quality and safety: Development of a new packaging with low environmental impact; reduction of CO2 emissions; use of LED lights; introduction of ISO 14000 certification
Communication: Use of new communication channels (i.e. Internet)
Preserving the company's style; creating new market trendsYes, for the final customer
EMediumManufacturing: Introduction of state-of-the-art technological equipment
Communication: Marketing and advertising campaigns with new testimonials
Preserving the company's style; adapting the clothing items to the market trendsYes, for private labels
FSmallManufacturing: Introduction of state-of-the-art technological equipment
Quality and safety: Installation of a photovoltaic plan
Preserving the company's styleNo
GSmallManufacturing: Implementation of lean manufacturing strategies
Quality and safety: Installation of a photovoltaic plant
Preserving the company's style; adapting the clothing items to the market trendsYes, for private labels
HSmallManufacturing: Implementation of lean manufacturing strategiesn.aYes, for the final customer
ISmallQuality and safety: Choice of fabrics with low environmental impactPreserving the company's styleYes, for the final customer
JSmalln.aAdapting the clothing items to the market trendsNo
KSmallQuality and safety: Choice of fabrics with low environmental impactAdapting the clothing items to the market trendsNo
LMediumCommunication: New communication channels (i.e. Internet)Adapting the clothing items to the market trendsYes, for the final customer
MSmallManufacturing: Introduction of new monitoring tools for manufacturing activitiesPreserving the company's style; adapting the clothing items to the market trendsNo
NSmallQuality and safety: Choice of fabrics with low environmental impactPreserving the company's styleNo
OSmallManufacturing: Introduction of state-of-the-art technological equipment
Quality and safety: Introduction of eco-friendly items; choice of fabrics with low environmental impact; installation of a photovoltaic plant
Preserving the company's style; adapting the clothing items to the market trendsYes, for the final customer

Note(s): “n.a.” = not available

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