Table A1 Description of variables used...

Table A1

Description of variables used in the study with expected effect sign

Variables	Description	Expected sign
Household demographics
Age	Age of household head in years	–
Gender	Gender of household head 1 = male 0 = Female	+
Marital status	Household head married or otherwise 1 = Married	+
Household size	Number of members in a household	+
Education level: Primary	Highest education level attained by household head	+
Secondary		+
Tertiary		+
Migration status	Native or immigrant 1 = native 0 = immigrant	+
Own land size	Total land size of the household in acres	–
Livestock number	Number of livestock owned	+
Asset value (KES)	Value of all assets owned in KES	+
Wealth categories: Wealthiest	Household wealth group as per income tertiles	–
Middle wealth		–
Poorest		+
Total income (KES)	Total household income derived from all sources	+
Household expenditure (KES)	Yearly household expenditure on food, non-food, medical and social expenses in KES	+/−
Off-farm income	Income from all non-farm sources in KES	–
Shocks value	Value of three main self-reported shocks suffered by household over the past one year in KES	+
Distance to the market (Km)	Distance to the nearest market in Km	+
Extension	Household received extension services in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no	+
FUG membership	Membership to a forest user group 1 = yes 0 = no	+
Participation in PFM	Participation in participatory forest management 1 = yes 0 = no	+
Distance to market (Km)	Distance to nearest market in Km	+
Forest-related variables
Distance to forest (Km)	Distance to nearest forest edge in Km	+
Forest extraction	Involvement in collection of forest products such as vegetables, fruits, honey, medicinal herbs and grass for animals/grazing rights 1 = yes 0 = No	+
No. of extracted forest products	Total count of all forest products extracted by a household	+
Value of forest products extracted	Total value of all forest products extracted by a household in KES	+
Perception change in forest cover	Household's perception of forest cover change over last 5 years 1 = increased 0 = otherwise	–
Forest access	Entry into the forest for extraction, recreational or educational purposes 1 = Had access 0 = No access	+

Variables	Description	Expected sign
Household demographics
Age	Age of household head in years	–
Gender	Gender of household head 1 = male 0 = Female	+
Marital status	Household head married or otherwise 1 = Married	+
Household size	Number of members in a household	+
Education level: Primary	Highest education level attained by household head	+
Secondary		+
Tertiary		+
Migration status	Native or immigrant 1 = native 0 = immigrant	+
Own land size	Total land size of the household in acres	–
Livestock number	Number of livestock owned	+
Asset value (KES)	Value of all assets owned in KES	+
Wealth categories: Wealthiest	Household wealth group as per income tertiles	–
Middle wealth		–
Poorest		+
Total income (KES)	Total household income derived from all sources	+
Household expenditure (KES)	Yearly household expenditure on food, non-food, medical and social expenses in KES	+/−
Off-farm income	Income from all non-farm sources in KES	–
Shocks value	Value of three main self-reported shocks suffered by household over the past one year in KES	+
Distance to the market (Km)	Distance to the nearest market in Km	+
Extension	Household received extension services in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no	+
FUG membership	Membership to a forest user group 1 = yes 0 = no	+
Participation in PFM	Participation in participatory forest management 1 = yes 0 = no	+
Distance to market (Km)	Distance to nearest market in Km	+
Forest-related variables
Distance to forest (Km)	Distance to nearest forest edge in Km	+
Forest extraction	Involvement in collection of forest products such as vegetables, fruits, honey, medicinal herbs and grass for animals/grazing rights 1 = yes 0 = No	+
No. of extracted forest products	Total count of all forest products extracted by a household	+
Value of forest products extracted	Total value of all forest products extracted by a household in KES	+
Perception change in forest cover	Household's perception of forest cover change over last 5 years 1 = increased 0 = otherwise	–
Forest access	Entry into the forest for extraction, recreational or educational purposes 1 = Had access 0 = No access	+

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