Description of variables used in the study with expected effect sign
| Variables | Description | Expected sign |
|---|---|---|
| Household demographics | ||
| Age | Age of household head in years | – |
| Gender | Gender of household head 1 = male 0 = Female | + |
| Marital status | Household head married or otherwise 1 = Married | + |
| Household size | Number of members in a household | + |
| Education level: Primary | Highest education level attained by household head | + |
| Secondary | + | |
| Tertiary | + | |
| Migration status | Native or immigrant 1 = native 0 = immigrant | + |
| Own land size | Total land size of the household in acres | – |
| Livestock number | Number of livestock owned | + |
| Asset value (KES) | Value of all assets owned in KES | + |
| Wealth categories: Wealthiest | Household wealth group as per income tertiles | – |
| Middle wealth | – | |
| Poorest | + | |
| Total income (KES) | Total household income derived from all sources | + |
| Household expenditure (KES) | Yearly household expenditure on food, non-food, medical and social expenses in KES | +/− |
| Off-farm income | Income from all non-farm sources in KES | – |
| Shocks value | Value of three main self-reported shocks suffered by household over the past one year in KES | + |
| Distance to the market (Km) | Distance to the nearest market in Km | + |
| Extension | Household received extension services in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| FUG membership | Membership to a forest user group 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| Participation in PFM | Participation in participatory forest management 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| Distance to market (Km) | Distance to nearest market in Km | + |
| Forest-related variables | ||
| Distance to forest (Km) | Distance to nearest forest edge in Km | + |
| Forest extraction | Involvement in collection of forest products such as vegetables, fruits, honey, medicinal herbs and grass for animals/grazing rights 1 = yes 0 = No | + |
| No. of extracted forest products | Total count of all forest products extracted by a household | + |
| Value of forest products extracted | Total value of all forest products extracted by a household in KES | + |
| Perception change in forest cover | Household's perception of forest cover change over last 5 years 1 = increased 0 = otherwise | – |
| Forest access | Entry into the forest for extraction, recreational or educational purposes 1 = Had access 0 = No access | + |
| Variables | Description | Expected sign |
|---|---|---|
| Age | Age of household head in years | – |
| Gender | Gender of household head 1 = male 0 = Female | + |
| Marital status | Household head married or otherwise 1 = Married | + |
| Household size | Number of members in a household | + |
| Education level: Primary | Highest education level attained by household head | + |
| Secondary | + | |
| Tertiary | + | |
| Migration status | Native or immigrant 1 = native 0 = immigrant | + |
| Own land size | Total land size of the household in acres | – |
| Livestock number | Number of livestock owned | + |
| Asset value (KES) | Value of all assets owned in KES | + |
| Wealth categories: Wealthiest | Household wealth group as per income tertiles | – |
| Middle wealth | – | |
| Poorest | + | |
| Total income (KES) | Total household income derived from all sources | + |
| Household expenditure (KES) | Yearly household expenditure on food, non-food, medical and social expenses in KES | +/− |
| Off-farm income | Income from all non-farm sources in KES | – |
| Shocks value | Value of three main self-reported shocks suffered by household over the past one year in KES | + |
| Distance to the market (Km) | Distance to the nearest market in Km | + |
| Extension | Household received extension services in the past year 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| FUG membership | Membership to a forest user group 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| Participation in PFM | Participation in participatory forest management 1 = yes 0 = no | + |
| Distance to market (Km) | Distance to nearest market in Km | + |
| Distance to forest (Km) | Distance to nearest forest edge in Km | + |
| Forest extraction | Involvement in collection of forest products such as vegetables, fruits, honey, medicinal herbs and grass for animals/grazing rights 1 = yes 0 = No | + |
| No. of extracted forest products | Total count of all forest products extracted by a household | + |
| Value of forest products extracted | Total value of all forest products extracted by a household in KES | + |
| Perception change in forest cover | Household's perception of forest cover change over last 5 years 1 = increased 0 = otherwise | – |
| Forest access | Entry into the forest for extraction, recreational or educational purposes 1 = Had access 0 = No access | + |
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