Table I Summary of technology readiness...

Table I

Summary of technology readiness level and digital skin characteristics of research studies

Technology readiness level (TRL)	Classification of TRL and characteristics of digital skin of each study/article
Pre-concept refinement or knowledge production
(1) Basic principles of concept/scientific research	Khoury and Kamat (2009), evaluation (WLAN, UWB, GPS)
(2) Formulation of technology concept and/or application	Fard and Peña-Mora (2007), scheduling (images)
(3) Proof of concept	Hsieh et al. (2016), monitor processes (AR)	Kamat and Dong (2017), AR object mapping	Roberts et al. (1999), plant control (GPS)	CIOB (2017c), tracks material volumes	CIOB (2017a), wearable kit for safety
	Edirisinghe, Blismas, Lingard, Dias and Wakefield (2014), non-invasive localisation (Wi-Fi)	Rebolj et al. (2008), activity tracking (images recognition)	Trimble (2017), mixed-reality applications	Navon and Kolton (2006), fall hazards (sensors and guardrail analysis)	Sacks et al. (2005), labour tracking (building models)
	Cheng and Chen (2002), monitor schedule (GIS, barcode, video)	GeoSLAM (2017), 3D mobile mapping technology with handheld scanners	Yi et al. (2016), evaluate perceived exertion (sensors)	MIT (2015), drones to capture progress	Golparvar-Fard et al. (2015), monitor processes (image)
	Jang and Skibniewski (2009), track assets (radio and ultrasound)	Dharwada et al. (2016), BIM-aware mobile app	Edirisinghe and Blismas (2015), monitor workers’ parameters (E-textiles)	Hudgens and McDermott (2009), hard hat tracks worker activities	Akinci et al. (2006), quality control (sensors and point cloud)
		Dasilva and Shervey (2012), safety management (RFID)
Applied investigation
(4) Functional validation in a laboratory environment or test bed or scenarios	Park et al. (2011), track resources (image processing)	Montaser and Moselhi (2014), track workers/material (RFID)	Riaz et al. (2014)^c, visualise envi. temp. (Zigbee)	Moon et al. (2015), monitor safety (sensors)
	Zhang et al. (2015), workspace visualisation (BIM)	Irizarry et al. (2013), supply chain tracking (RFID)	Yeh et al. (2012), information retrieval (hardware and BIM)	Song et al. (2006), material tracking (RFID)
	Maalek and Sadeghpour (2013), indoor resource tracking (UWB)	Yang et al. (2010), worker tracking (video, m/c learning)	Yang et al. (2012), tower crane activity tracking (video processing)	Bernold (1990), material management (barcodes)
	Tajeen and Zhu (2014), equipment recognition (image processing)	Memarzadeh et al. (2013), workers and equipment detection (video streaming)	Khosrowpour et al. (2014), activity analysis (image processing)	Brilakis and Soibelman (2008), shape recognition (image processing)
(5) Prototype in a simulated environment/case study	Behzadan et al. (2008), context delivery (WLAN + GPS)	Cheng et al. (2012), ergonomic analysis (location, posture data)	Wang et al. (2014), visualisation (BIM, AR)	Goodrum et al. (2006), tool tracking (RFID)
	Cheng et al. (2011), resource tracking in hash environment (UWB)	Yeh et al. (2012), information retrieval (iPod, a projector, BIM)	Sacks, Navon, and Goldschmidt (2003), labour tracking	Retik and Shapira (1999), activity visualisation
	Son and Kim (2010), monitor progress (vision-based)	Carbonari et al. (2011), position tracking (UWB + virtual fence)	Park & Kim (2013)^b, safety management (BIM)	Heidari et al. (2014), real-time interaction (sensors + BIM)	Cheng et al. (2013), activity analysis (location, posture data)
	Teizer et al. (2013)^d, safety training (tracking, visualisation)	Roh et al. (2011), progress monitoring (image analysis, BIM)	Lee et al. (2009), fall detection (IR and ultrasonic)	Ergen et al. (2007), track components (RFID and GPS)
	Teizer et al. (2010), proximity – workers/equipment (RFID)	Jaselskis and Misalami (2003), material tracking (RFID)	Oloufa et al. (2003), collision tracking (GPS)	Wu et al. (2010), track near-misses (ultrasonic and RFID)
Development and operations
(6) Qualified prototype demonstrating critical functionality in a relevant operational environment	Meža et al. (2014), AR task assisting (AR)	Pradhananga and Teizer (2013), track operations (GPS)	Kelm et al. (2013), monitor workers’ PPE compliance (RFID)	Chin et al. (2008), monitor progress (RFID, 4D CAD)	Cheng and Teizer (2013), monitor activities (images)
	DAQRI (2017), AR smart helmet				Woo et al. (2011), track indoor workers (RFID)
	Lee et al. (2012),^a positioning tower crane (BIM)	Jiang et al. (2015), labour consumption (GPS)	Costin et al. (2012),^e monitor status (RFID)	RFID Journal (2013b), automate safety and access management	Teizer and Cheng (2015), hazard identification (UWB and GPS)
		RFID Journal (2012),^a components tracking	RFID Journal (2009), equipment tracking	RFID Journal (2010), track offshore equipment	RFID Journal (2013a), track prefabricated units
(7) Full, scaled-up system demonstration (pre-product with all requirements) in an appropriate generalisation of real or operational environment	Eskobionics (2017), upper body exoskeleton minimising exposure to muscle strain and injury
Industrial product
(8) General product or technology completed and qualified through tests	Dalux (2017), AR-based mobile app	IkeGPS (2016), mobile app-based laser rangefinder
(9) Industrial technology proven through successful deployment in an operational setting	RFID Journal (2011), hard hats to track workers	SmartCap (2017), fatigue monitoring hard hat

Technology readiness level (TRL)	Classification of TRL and characteristics of digital skin of each study/article
Pre-concept refinement or knowledge production
(1) Basic principles of concept/scientific research	Khoury and Kamat (2009), evaluation (WLAN, UWB, GPS)
(2) Formulation of technology concept and/or application	Fard and Peña-Mora (2007), scheduling (images)
(3) Proof of concept	Hsieh et al. (2016), monitor processes (AR)	Kamat and Dong (2017), AR object mapping	Roberts et al. (1999), plant control (GPS)	CIOB (2017c), tracks material volumes	CIOB (2017a), wearable kit for safety
	Edirisinghe, Blismas, Lingard, Dias and Wakefield (2014), non-invasive localisation (Wi-Fi)	Rebolj et al. (2008), activity tracking (images recognition)	Trimble (2017), mixed-reality applications	Navon and Kolton (2006), fall hazards (sensors and guardrail analysis)	Sacks et al. (2005), labour tracking (building models)
	Cheng and Chen (2002), monitor schedule (GIS, barcode, video)	GeoSLAM (2017), 3D mobile mapping technology with handheld scanners	Yi et al. (2016), evaluate perceived exertion (sensors)	MIT (2015), drones to capture progress	Golparvar-Fard et al. (2015), monitor processes (image)
	Jang and Skibniewski (2009), track assets (radio and ultrasound)	Dharwada et al. (2016), BIM-aware mobile app	Edirisinghe and Blismas (2015), monitor workers’ parameters (E-textiles)	Hudgens and McDermott (2009), hard hat tracks worker activities	Akinci et al. (2006), quality control (sensors and point cloud)
		Dasilva and Shervey (2012), safety management (RFID)
Applied investigation
(4) Functional validation in a laboratory environment or test bed or scenarios	Park et al. (2011), track resources (image processing)	Montaser and Moselhi (2014), track workers/material (RFID)	Riaz et al. (2014)^c, visualise envi. temp. (Zigbee)	Moon et al. (2015), monitor safety (sensors)
	Zhang et al. (2015), workspace visualisation (BIM)	Irizarry et al. (2013), supply chain tracking (RFID)	Yeh et al. (2012), information retrieval (hardware and BIM)	Song et al. (2006), material tracking (RFID)
	Maalek and Sadeghpour (2013), indoor resource tracking (UWB)	Yang et al. (2010), worker tracking (video, m/c learning)	Yang et al. (2012), tower crane activity tracking (video processing)	Bernold (1990), material management (barcodes)
	Tajeen and Zhu (2014), equipment recognition (image processing)	Memarzadeh et al. (2013), workers and equipment detection (video streaming)	Khosrowpour et al. (2014), activity analysis (image processing)	Brilakis and Soibelman (2008), shape recognition (image processing)
(5) Prototype in a simulated environment/case study	Behzadan et al. (2008), context delivery (WLAN + GPS)	Cheng et al. (2012), ergonomic analysis (location, posture data)	Wang et al. (2014), visualisation (BIM, AR)	Goodrum et al. (2006), tool tracking (RFID)
	Cheng et al. (2011), resource tracking in hash environment (UWB)	Yeh et al. (2012), information retrieval (iPod, a projector, BIM)	Sacks, Navon, and Goldschmidt (2003), labour tracking	Retik and Shapira (1999), activity visualisation
	Son and Kim (2010), monitor progress (vision-based)	Carbonari et al. (2011), position tracking (UWB + virtual fence)	Park & Kim (2013)^b, safety management (BIM)	Heidari et al. (2014), real-time interaction (sensors + BIM)	Cheng et al. (2013), activity analysis (location, posture data)
	Teizer et al. (2013)^d, safety training (tracking, visualisation)	Roh et al. (2011), progress monitoring (image analysis, BIM)	Lee et al. (2009), fall detection (IR and ultrasonic)	Ergen et al. (2007), track components (RFID and GPS)
	Teizer et al. (2010), proximity – workers/equipment (RFID)	Jaselskis and Misalami (2003), material tracking (RFID)	Oloufa et al. (2003), collision tracking (GPS)	Wu et al. (2010), track near-misses (ultrasonic and RFID)
Development and operations
(6) Qualified prototype demonstrating critical functionality in a relevant operational environment	Meža et al. (2014), AR task assisting (AR)	Pradhananga and Teizer (2013), track operations (GPS)	Kelm et al. (2013), monitor workers’ PPE compliance (RFID)	Chin et al. (2008), monitor progress (RFID, 4D CAD)	Cheng and Teizer (2013), monitor activities (images)
	DAQRI (2017), AR smart helmet				Woo et al. (2011), track indoor workers (RFID)
	Lee et al. (2012),^a positioning tower crane (BIM)	Jiang et al. (2015), labour consumption (GPS)	Costin et al. (2012),^e monitor status (RFID)	RFID Journal (2013b), automate safety and access management	Teizer and Cheng (2015), hazard identification (UWB and GPS)
		RFID Journal (2012),^a components tracking	RFID Journal (2009), equipment tracking	RFID Journal (2010), track offshore equipment	RFID Journal (2013a), track prefabricated units
(7) Full, scaled-up system demonstration (pre-product with all requirements) in an appropriate generalisation of real or operational environment	Eskobionics (2017), upper body exoskeleton minimising exposure to muscle strain and injury
Industrial product
(8) General product or technology completed and qualified through tests	Dalux (2017), AR-based mobile app	IkeGPS (2016), mobile app-based laser rangefinder
(9) Industrial technology proven through successful deployment in an operational setting	RFID Journal (2011), hard hats to track workers	SmartCap (2017), fatigue monitoring hard hat

Notes: ^aLee et al. (2012) and RFID Journal (2012) evaluated technology acceptance. Lee et al. (2012) used TAM to evaluate; ^bPark and Kim (2013) evaluated a prototype through different stakeholders; ^cRiaz et al. (2014) sought feedback in a focus group; ^dTeizer et al. (2013) surveyed participants; ^eCostin et al. (2012) conducted a brief evaluation, but not a systematic one

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