Table A1 Literature review matrix on...

Table A1

Literature review matrix on Islamic perspective on wage determination

Study	Objective	Methodology	Main findings	Strengths	Weaknesses	Gaps	Recommendations
Abdel-Rahman (2012)	To examine the Islamic principles and values that affect wage determination	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islamic principles of justice, balance and equality, as well as the concept of labor as a form of worship, have a significant impact on wage determination in Islam	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of the Islamic principles in wage determination
Abdou and El-Masry (2016)	The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Islamic principles on employee remuneration in the Middle East and North Africa region	Qualitative case study	The authors found that companies in the region generally pay their employees market-based salaries but may incorporate Islamic principles into other aspects of compensation (e.g. profit-sharing, bonuses)	The study provides detailed insights into the compensation practices of companies in the region and the influence of Islamic principles on those practices	The study is limited to a single region and does not provide a detailed analysis of how Islamic principles specifically influence compensation	The study highlights the need for further research on the specific ways in which Islamic principles may influence employee compensation	Future studies could focus on specific compensation practices (e.g. profit-sharing) and examine how they are implemented in companies across the region
Abduh and Omar (2012)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implication on the labor market	Literature review	Labor should be compensated fairly and in proportion to the effort and skill required. Employers should not exploit employees. The wage should be determined based on market forces and in line with Sharī‘ah principles	1. Provides a comprehensive understanding of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. Draws on classical Islamic sources	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	Further investigation is necessary to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the current labor market	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abdul Latif and Abdul Rashid (2018)	The objective of this research is to investigate the factors that determine wages from an Islamic standpoint	Literature review	- Islamic principles emphasize the importance of justice, fairness and mutual consent in wage determination – Islam also encourages the payment of fair wages above the minimum wage to ensure employee well-being and productivity – Islamic principles also suggest that wages should be based on the employee's skill and effort	- Comprehensive overview of Islamic principles on wage determination Provides practical examples and applications of these principles in different contexts	- Does not provide empirical evidence or statistical analysis to support the findings	Additional research is necessary to evaluate the practical implementation and quantification of Islamic principles in determining wages	The investigation is required to explore how Islamic principles can be put into practice and assessed in the determination of wages
Abdul Wahab et al. (2016)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for human resource management	Qualitative literature review	Islamic wage determination is based on the principle of justice and fairness. Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the employee's performance, skills and experience. Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abdul-Rahman and Abdul-Razak (2015)	To propose a model of Islamic wage determination	qualitative analysis of the literature	Islamic wage determination should be based on market demand, the worker’s skills, the value of work and the employer's profit	Provides a comprehensive model for Islamic wage determination	This approach may not fully consider the effects of non-market forces on wages	Insufficient empirical evidence exists to substantiate the claim	Validate the model through the application of real-world data
Abdul-Rahman et al. (2014)	To examine the principles of wage determination in Islam	Qualitative research based on content analysis of Islamic sources	Wage determination in Islam is based on factors such as skills, effort, responsibility, nature of work and market forces	The strong basis on Islamic sources provides a detailed analysis of wage determination principles in Islam	The limited sample size of Islamic sources used focuses only on textual analysis	More empirical studies are to be conducted to validate the findings	Conduct empirical studies on wage determination practices in Islamic institutions
Abdul-Rahman et al. (2016)	To explore the factors that influence wage determination in Islamic banks in Malaysia	Case study	The Islamic banking industry in Malaysia follows the market-based wage determination system but also considers the Shari'ah principles of justice and equity. Performance-based pay and non-monetary incentives are used to motivate employees	Provides insights into the wage determination practices of Islamic banks in Malaysia	Limited to a specific industry and country	Lack of comparative analysis of wage determination practices in different Islamic banks and countries	Future studies could compare the wage determination practices of Islamic banks in different countries and examine the impact of different incentives on employee motivation
Abidin et al. (2019)	To explore the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for management practices	Qualitative literature review	Justice, fairness and ethical treatment of employees are emphasized in Islamic wage determination Islamic principles propose that wages should be adequate to fulfil the essential requirements of employees and their families Islamic wage determination promotes the sharing of profits and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the f literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abozaid and Uddin (2019)	To investigate the perception of employees toward the Islamic wage system	Survey	The Islamic wage system enhances employee satisfaction and motivation and leads to greater work commitment	Provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the Islamic wage system in enhancing employee satisfaction and motivation	The sample size is relatively small and only focused on a specific country	Needs more comparative studies on different countries and sectors	Conduct comparative studies in different countries and sectors
Abulagasem (2020)	To analyze Islamic principles for wage determination	Qualitative analysis of Islamic sources and literature review	Islamic principles for wage determination include justice, equity and social welfare and wages should be determined based on market conditions and the value of the work performed	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Abuznaid (2017)	To analyze the Islamic principles of justice and fairness in wage determination	Qualitative case study	The author argues that Islamic principles emphasize the importance of fairness and justice in wage determination and that this should be reflected in both the level and distribution of wages. The study provides a detailed analysis of wage determination practices in one company in the UAE, and how those practices reflect Islamic principles	The study provides a detailed analysis of how Islamic principles are implemented in wage determination in one specific company	The study is limited to a single case study and does not provide a broader analysis of wage determination practices in the region or beyond	The study highlights the need for further research on how Islamic principles are implemented in wage determination practices in other companies and regions	Future studies could examine wage determination practices in other companies and regions and compare those practices to Islamic principles
Adeyemi and Yusuff (2019)	To investigate the role of Islamic ethics in determining fair wages	Literature review	The authors argue that Islamic ethics emphasize fairness and equity in compensation and that this should be reflected in both the level and distribution of wages	The authors provide a comprehensive overview of Islamic ethical principles related to compensation	The study is limited to a literature review and does not provide empirical evidence on how Islamic ethics influence wage determination in practice	The study highlights the need for further empirical research on the role of Islamic ethics in wage determination	Future studies could examine the implementation of Islamic ethical principles in wage determination in specific industries or countries
Ahmad (2017)	To provide an overview of the nature and scope of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers	Provides a broad overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks detailed analysis of wage determination in Islam	A limited review of the literature	An investigation is necessary to explore the practical implementation of Islamic economic principles
Alasfour (2020)	To investigate the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its impact on employee motivation and satisfaction	Survey research	Islamic principles support the idea of fair and just wages. 2. Employees are more motivated and satisfied when they perceive that their wages are fair. 3. Islamic values such as compassion and justice can improve the relationship between employers and employees	Employs survey research to collect empirical data. 2. Focuses on the impact of Islamic wage determination on employee motivation and satisfaction	Limited to a specific geographic location (Kuwait). 2. Small sample size	Further empirical investigation is required to examine the influence of Islamic wage determination on employee motivation and satisfaction across diverse cultural settings	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Ali and Ismail (2019)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	The Islamic perspective emphasizes fair and just wages	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	Research is required to investigate the practical application of Islamic principles	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Ali et al. (2017)	To explore the concept of fair wages from an Islamic perspective	Literature review	Islamic principles emphasize the importance of justice and fairness in wage determination, Islamic principles also emphasize the need to consider the employee's labor and effort, Islam encourages employers to pay above the minimum wage when possible	Comprehensive overview of Islamic principles on fair wages – Well-supported with references to Islamic sources	Does not provide empirical evidence or practical guidance for implementing these principles in modern contexts	More research is needed to examine how Islamic principles can be translated into practical guidelines for wage determination in different industries and contexts	Additional research is required to scrutinize how Islamic principles are put into practice
Ali and Qureshi (2015)	To investigate the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its relevance in the modern economy	Literature review	1. Wage should be determined based on the principle of justice and fairness. 2. Wage should be in line with the productivity and contribution of the employee. 3. Employers should consider the needs of the employees and their families	1. Presents a clear and concise summary of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. 2. Provides practical guidelines for employers	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	An empirical investigation is required to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the correlator market	An empirical investigation is required to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the correlator market
Bahl and Sharma (2023)	To examine the impact of informality and education-occupation mismatch on wages in India	Quantitative analysis using survey data	Informality and education-occupation mismatch have a negative impact on wages in India	The study uses a large dataset and provides statistical evidence to support the findings	The study only focuses on the Indian labor market and may not be applicable to other countries	The study did not consider other factors that may affect wages such as age and experience	Policymakers should focus on creating policies that reduce informality To investigate the practical application of Islamic principles, further research is necessary
Bakar and Yusof (2016)	To examine the concept of wage determination from an Islamic perspective	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Wages should be determined based on the value of work, the prevailing market rate and the needs of workers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic principles for wage determination can be implemented in practice	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Chapra (1985)	To propose a just monetary system that includes fair wages	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and contemporary research	Wages should be determined by mutual agreement between employers and employees, taking into account the needs of both parties, the prevailing wage rate in the market and the quality of work. The monetary system should ensure that workers receive fair wages and that inflation does not erode their purchasing power	Provides a comprehensive proposal for a just monetary system that includes fair wages	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of the literature	To investigate the practical application of Islamic principles, further research is necessary
El-Ashker and Wilson (2006)	To provide a historical overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers. However, the practical application of these principles has been limited	Provides a broad overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks detailed analysis of wage determination in Islam	A limited review of the literature	It is important to conduct more research to explore how Islamic principles are implemented in real-life situations
Elasrag and Masih (2017)	To examine the relationship between Islamic financial development and wage inequality	Empirical analysis	Islamic financial development has a negative effect on wage inequality	Provides empirical evidence on the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality	Limited to a specific country and time	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality in other settings
Elasrag and Masih (2017)	To examine the relationship between Islamic financial development and wage inequality	Empirical analysis	Islamic financial development has a negative effect on wage inequality	Provides empirical evidence on the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality	Limited to a specific country and time	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality in other settings
Elasrag (2018)	To analyze the relationship between Islamic values, job satisfaction and job performance in Egypt	The survey, structural equation modeling	1. Islamic values have a positive effect on job satisfaction and job performance. 2. Job satisfaction mediates the relationship between Islamic values and job performance	Empirical evidence on the relationship between Islamic values and job outcomes	Limited to a specific context (Egypt)	Lack of analysis of the impact of Islamic values on wage determination	Future studies could examine the relationship between Islamic values and wage determination in different contexts
Harahap et al. (2023)	To analyze the remuneration of workers from the perspective of Islamic law and current labor laws in Indonesia	Legal analysis	The current labor laws in Indonesia are not in accordance with the principles of Islamic law in terms of remuneration for workers	The study provides a legal analysis of the remuneration of workers in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective	Limited scope as it only focuses on one aspect of the labor laws in Indonesia	More studies need to be conducted to examine the other aspects of labor laws in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective	The government should revise the labor laws to ensure that they are in accordance with the principles of Islamic law
Hasan (2019b)	To examine the Islamic principles for wage determination	Literature review	Islamic perspective considers wages as a social responsibility and focuses on equity, justice and workers' well-being	Provides a comprehensive view of Islamic principles on wage determination	Lacks empirical research	The review mainly focuses on the conceptual framework and needs more empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of Islamic principles in wage determination
Hasan (2015)	To analyze Islamic principles for wage determination	Literature review	Islam emphasizes fair wages and workers should be paid according to their contribution to production and based on the principle of justice	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Ibrahim (2017)	To explore the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for economic development	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice and fairness in the workplace. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Kahf (2000)	To provide a definition and methodology for Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers. Wage determination should be based on the principle of cooperation between employers and employees	Provides a comprehensive definition and methodology for Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of other f literature	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic framework for wage determination can be applied in practice
Khan (2015)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for economic development	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice, fairness and ethical treatment of employees. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Khan and Farooq	To investigate the influence of Islamic principles on wage determination in Pakistan	Survey research and statistical analysis	Islamic principles have a positive impact on wage determination in Pakistan	Provides empirical evidence to support the Islamic perspective	Limited to one country	Further research is needed to examine the applicability of the findings to other countries	Further research is needed to examine the applicability of the findings to other countries
Khan (2019)	To explore the role of Islamic ethics in wage determination	Literature review	Islamic ethics emphasizes the value of work, justice and social welfare and wages should be determined based on market conditions and the value of the work performed	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Khan and Mirakhor (1987)	To identify the principles of Islamic economics that can be used to determine wages	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that the principles of justice, cooperation and responsibility can be used to determine wages in an Islamic economic system	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of the principles of Islamic economics in wage determination
Khan (1992)	To explore the concept of wage determination in an Islamic framework	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and literature to analyze the concept of wage determination in Islam	Wages should be determined by mutual agreement between employers and employees, taking into account the needs of both parties, the prevailing wage rate in the market and the quality of work	Provides a comprehensive analysis of the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of the f literature	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic framework for wage determination can be applied in practice
Mahmood and Malik (2013)	To explore the Islamic perspective on profit-sharing in business, including its implications for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic principles for profit-sharing in business can provide a framework for determining fair wages for workers	Provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between profit-sharing and wage determination in Islam	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review other literature	The implementation of Islamic principles in practice warrants further investigation through research
Mohammad and Abdullah (2015)	To examine the effect of Islamic work ethics on wage determination	Survey and regression analysis	Islamic work ethics have a positive effect on wages	Provides empirical evidence for the impact of Islamic work ethics on wages	Limited to a specific population and industry	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic work ethics on wages in other settings
Mohammad and Abdullah (2015)	To investigate how Islamic work ethics affect the determination of wages	Multiple Regression analysis	Wages are positively impacted by Islamic work ethics	The study presents concrete evidence of how Islamic work ethics affect wages	The findings are only applicable to a specific group and sector	The findings should be tested in other settings to confirm their validity	Further research is necessary to confirm the influence of Islamic work ethics on wages in diverse contexts
Muhajir (2023)	To analyzed the wage system from the perspective of the Islamic economy in the wet sago home industry in Indonesia	Case study	The wage system in the wet sago home industry in Peace Village, Binjai District, Langkat Regency, Indonesia is not in accordance with the principles of the Islamic economy	The study provides an in-depth analysis of the wage system in a specific industry	Limited scope as it only focuses on one industry in a specific region	More studies need to be conducted in different regions and industries to get a comprehensive understanding of the wage system in Indonesia	The industry should apply the principles of the Islamic economy to ensure fair wages for workers
Naim and Abdurrahman (2020)	To examine the Islamic perspective on the wage gap	Literature review	In Islamic ideology, there is a focus on social justice and equitable wage distribution, with the discouragement of wealth concentration among a select few	Provides a comprehensive view of the concept of the wage gap in Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical research	The review mainly focuses on the conceptual framework and needs more empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of Islamic principles in reducing the wage gap
Qardawi (2016)	To examine the Islamic perspective on minimum wage	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islam emphasizes the need for a minimum wage that is sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers and their families	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the implementation of the Islamic minimum wage in different Muslim countries
Qureshi (2012)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its relevance to the modern economy	Literature review	1. Wage should be determined based on the principle of justice and fairness. 2. Wage should be in line with the productivity and contribution of the employee. 3. Wage should also consider the cost of living and the needs of the employees	1. Presents a comprehensive understanding of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. 2. Draws on classical Islamic sources	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Rafay and Munawar (2019)	To examine the compatibility of Islamic wage determination with modern economics	Literature review and qualitative analysis	Islamic wage determination is compatible with modern economics and may provide an alternative to the current wage systems	Provides a fresh perspective on wage determination	May overlook the differences in underlying principles and assumptions of Islamic and modern economics	The lack of empirical data to support the argument	Conduct further research to validate the compatibility of Islamic and modern economic principles
Rafay and Munawar (2019)	To examine the compatibility of Islamic wage determination with modern economics	Literature review and qualitative analysis	Islamic wage determination is compatible with modern economics and may provide an alternative to the current wage systems	Provides a fresh perspective on wage determination	May overlook the differences in underlying principles and assumptions of Islamic and modern economics	The lack of empirical data to support the argument	Conduct further research to validate the compatibility of Islamic and modern economic principles
Salam and Anwar (2020)	To analyze the connection between Islamic values and just compensation in the garment industry of Bangladesh	Case study	- Islamic principles of justice and fairness are not always reflected in wage determination practices in the Bangladeshi garment industry–Corruption, lack of transparency and power imbalances often undermine the implementation of fair wage policies	- Provides a detailed and contextualized analysis of the challenges faced in implementing Islamic principles in wage determination in a specific industry	- Limited generalizability of the findings, as they are specific to the Bangladeshi garment industry	- More research is needed to examine the generalizability of the findings in different industries and contexts	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Salleh and Othman (2019)	To explore the factors influencing wage determination in Islamic economics	Literature review	Factors influencing wage determination include the value of work, the cost of living, the demand for labor and the principle of justice	Comprehensive analysis of factors influencing wage determination	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Samad (2016)	To examine the role of productivity in wage determination from an Islamic perspective	Literature review	The study found that productivity is an important factor in wage determination in Islam and that employers are encouraged to reward workers based on their productivity	A comprehensive review of the literature	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the relationship between productivity and wages in Islamic countries
Sardar (1999)	To explore the concept of the Islamic living wage	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islam emphasizes the need for a living wage that is sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers and their families and that employers have a responsibility to provide this wage	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the implementation of the Islamic living wage in different Muslim countries
Shaikh and Khan (2016)	To explore the role of human resource management in determining fair wages from an Islamic perspective	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Human resource management should ensure fair wages and protect the rights of workers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its	A limited review of the literature	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Siddiqi (2002)	To examine the Islamic principles of wage determination in relation to contemporary economic theory	Literature review	The study found that the Islamic principles of justice, cooperation and responsibility can be applied to wage determination and that they are compatible with contemporary economic theory	A comprehensive review of the literature	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the compatibility of the Islamic principles of wage determination with contemporary economic
Siddiqui (2009)	To analysed the Islamic perspective on wage determination and to provide an alternative framework for wage determination	Literature review	1. The concept of labor in Islam is based on the idea of work being a religious obligation and workers have a right to a just and fair wage. 2. Wages should be determined by the supply and demand in the labor market but should also consider the value of the work and the cost of living. 3. Profit-sharing arrangements can be used to align the interests of workers and employers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Does not provide empirical evidence or case studies to support the alternative framework proposed	Lack of empirical evidence to support the alternative framework proposed	Future studies could examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed framework in different contexts
Siddiqui (2011)	To identify Islamic principles for wage determination	Conceptual analysis and case studies	Wage determination an Islamic perspective should be based on the principles of justice, compassion and consultation	Provides a theoretical framework for Islamic wage determination	Lacks empirical data	Lack of application of principles in real-world settings	Conduct case studies to evaluate the applicability of the principles
Tahir (2018)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on minimum wage laws	Literature review	Islam supports minimum wage laws to ensure justice and social welfare and the minimum wage should be adjusted based on the cost of living and inflation	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific minimum wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical minimum wage determination mechanisms
Zainuddin et al. (2015)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for social justice	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice and fairness in the workplace. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	A limited review of the literature	A limited review of the literature	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Zaman et al. (2018)	To analyzed the role of Islamic work ethics in determining wage levels in Pakistan	The survey, regression analysis	1. Islamic work ethics have a positive effect on wage levels in Pakistan. 2. Age, education and experience also influence wage levels	Empirical evidence on the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination	Limited to a specific context (Pakistan)	Lack of comparative analysis of the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination in different contexts	Future studies could examine the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination in other Muslim-majority countries and non-Muslim countries
Extracted variable to determine the wage		Market Demand, Employee Skills, Value of Work/Performance-Based Pay/Productivity and Contribution of the Employee/, Quality of Work, Employer Profit, Nature of Work, Fair Compensation Practices, Fair Compensation for Labour, Profit-Sharing, Employee Ownership, Non-Monetary Incentives, Justice and Fairness, Prevailing Market Rate, Mutual Agreement, Inflation and Purchasing Power/Needs of Workers, Ethics, Principle of Cooperation, Cost of Living, Demand and supply for Labour

Study	Objective	Methodology	Main findings	Strengths	Weaknesses	Gaps	Recommendations
Abdel-Rahman (2012)	To examine the Islamic principles and values that affect wage determination	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islamic principles of justice, balance and equality, as well as the concept of labor as a form of worship, have a significant impact on wage determination in Islam	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of the Islamic principles in wage determination
Abdou and El-Masry (2016)	The aim of this study is to examine the impact of Islamic principles on employee remuneration in the Middle East and North Africa region	Qualitative case study	The authors found that companies in the region generally pay their employees market-based salaries but may incorporate Islamic principles into other aspects of compensation (e.g. profit-sharing, bonuses)	The study provides detailed insights into the compensation practices of companies in the region and the influence of Islamic principles on those practices	The study is limited to a single region and does not provide a detailed analysis of how Islamic principles specifically influence compensation	The study highlights the need for further research on the specific ways in which Islamic principles may influence employee compensation	Future studies could focus on specific compensation practices (e.g. profit-sharing) and examine how they are implemented in companies across the region
Abduh and Omar (2012)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implication on the labor market	Literature review	Labor should be compensated fairly and in proportion to the effort and skill required. Employers should not exploit employees. The wage should be determined based on market forces and in line with Sharī‘ah principles	1. Provides a comprehensive understanding of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. Draws on classical Islamic sources	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	Further investigation is necessary to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the current labor market	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abdul Latif and Abdul Rashid (2018)	The objective of this research is to investigate the factors that determine wages from an Islamic standpoint	Literature review	- Islamic principles emphasize the importance of justice, fairness and mutual consent in wage determination – Islam also encourages the payment of fair wages above the minimum wage to ensure employee well-being and productivity – Islamic principles also suggest that wages should be based on the employee's skill and effort	- Comprehensive overview of Islamic principles on wage determination Provides practical examples and applications of these principles in different contexts	- Does not provide empirical evidence or statistical analysis to support the findings	Additional research is necessary to evaluate the practical implementation and quantification of Islamic principles in determining wages	The investigation is required to explore how Islamic principles can be put into practice and assessed in the determination of wages
Abdul Wahab et al. (2016)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for human resource management	Qualitative literature review	Islamic wage determination is based on the principle of justice and fairness. Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the employee's performance, skills and experience. Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abdul-Rahman and Abdul-Razak (2015)	To propose a model of Islamic wage determination	qualitative analysis of the literature	Islamic wage determination should be based on market demand, the worker’s skills, the value of work and the employer's profit	Provides a comprehensive model for Islamic wage determination	This approach may not fully consider the effects of non-market forces on wages	Insufficient empirical evidence exists to substantiate the claim	Validate the model through the application of real-world data
Abdul-Rahman et al. (2014)	To examine the principles of wage determination in Islam	Qualitative research based on content analysis of Islamic sources	Wage determination in Islam is based on factors such as skills, effort, responsibility, nature of work and market forces	The strong basis on Islamic sources provides a detailed analysis of wage determination principles in Islam	The limited sample size of Islamic sources used focuses only on textual analysis	More empirical studies are to be conducted to validate the findings	Conduct empirical studies on wage determination practices in Islamic institutions
Abdul-Rahman et al. (2016)	To explore the factors that influence wage determination in Islamic banks in Malaysia	Case study	The Islamic banking industry in Malaysia follows the market-based wage determination system but also considers the Shari'ah principles of justice and equity. Performance-based pay and non-monetary incentives are used to motivate employees	Provides insights into the wage determination practices of Islamic banks in Malaysia	Limited to a specific industry and country	Lack of comparative analysis of wage determination practices in different Islamic banks and countries	Future studies could compare the wage determination practices of Islamic banks in different countries and examine the impact of different incentives on employee motivation
Abidin et al. (2019)	To explore the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for management practices	Qualitative literature review	Justice, fairness and ethical treatment of employees are emphasized in Islamic wage determinationIslamic principles propose that wages should be adequate to fulfil the essential requirements of employees and their familiesIslamic wage determination promotes the sharing of profits and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the f literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Abozaid and Uddin (2019)	To investigate the perception of employees toward the Islamic wage system	Survey	The Islamic wage system enhances employee satisfaction and motivation and leads to greater work commitment	Provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness of the Islamic wage system in enhancing employee satisfaction and motivation	The sample size is relatively small and only focused on a specific country	Needs more comparative studies on different countries and sectors	Conduct comparative studies in different countries and sectors
Abulagasem (2020)	To analyze Islamic principles for wage determination	Qualitative analysis of Islamic sources and literature review	Islamic principles for wage determination include justice, equity and social welfare and wages should be determined based on market conditions and the value of the work performed	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Abuznaid (2017)	To analyze the Islamic principles of justice and fairness in wage determination	Qualitative case study	The author argues that Islamic principles emphasize the importance of fairness and justice in wage determination and that this should be reflected in both the level and distribution of wages. The study provides a detailed analysis of wage determination practices in one company in the UAE, and how those practices reflect Islamic principles	The study provides a detailed analysis of how Islamic principles are implemented in wage determination in one specific company	The study is limited to a single case study and does not provide a broader analysis of wage determination practices in the region or beyond	The study highlights the need for further research on how Islamic principles are implemented in wage determination practices in other companies and regions	Future studies could examine wage determination practices in other companies and regions and compare those practices to Islamic principles
Adeyemi and Yusuff (2019)	To investigate the role of Islamic ethics in determining fair wages	Literature review	The authors argue that Islamic ethics emphasize fairness and equity in compensation and that this should be reflected in both the level and distribution of wages	The authors provide a comprehensive overview of Islamic ethical principles related to compensation	The study is limited to a literature review and does not provide empirical evidence on how Islamic ethics influence wage determination in practice	The study highlights the need for further empirical research on the role of Islamic ethics in wage determination	Future studies could examine the implementation of Islamic ethical principles in wage determination in specific industries or countries
Ahmad (2017)	To provide an overview of the nature and scope of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers	Provides a broad overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks detailed analysis of wage determination in Islam	A limited review of the literature	An investigation is necessary to explore the practical implementation of Islamic economic principles
Alasfour (2020)	To investigate the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its impact on employee motivation and satisfaction	Survey research	Islamic principles support the idea of fair and just wages. 2. Employees are more motivated and satisfied when they perceive that their wages are fair. 3. Islamic values such as compassion and justice can improve the relationship between employers and employees	Employs survey research to collect empirical data. 2. Focuses on the impact of Islamic wage determination on employee motivation and satisfaction	Limited to a specific geographic location (Kuwait). 2. Small sample size	Further empirical investigation is required to examine the influence of Islamic wage determination on employee motivation and satisfaction across diverse cultural settings	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Ali and Ismail (2019)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	The Islamic perspective emphasizes fair and just wages	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	Research is required to investigate the practical application of Islamic principles	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Ali et al. (2017)	To explore the concept of fair wages from an Islamic perspective	Literature review	Islamic principles emphasize the importance of justice and fairness in wage determination, Islamic principles also emphasize the need to consider the employee's labor and effort, Islam encourages employers to pay above the minimum wage when possible	Comprehensive overview of Islamic principles on fair wages – Well-supported with references to Islamic sources	Does not provide empirical evidence or practical guidance for implementing these principles in modern contexts	More research is needed to examine how Islamic principles can be translated into practical guidelines for wage determination in different industries and contexts	Additional research is required to scrutinize how Islamic principles are put into practice
Ali and Qureshi (2015)	To investigate the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its relevance in the modern economy	Literature review	1. Wage should be determined based on the principle of justice and fairness. 2. Wage should be in line with the productivity and contribution of the employee. 3. Employers should consider the needs of the employees and their families	1. Presents a clear and concise summary of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. 2. Provides practical guidelines for employers	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	An empirical investigation is required to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the correlator market	An empirical investigation is required to examine the concrete applications of Islamic wage determination in the correlator market
Bahl and Sharma (2023)	To examine the impact of informality and education-occupation mismatch on wages in India	Quantitative analysis using survey data	Informality and education-occupation mismatch have a negative impact on wages in India	The study uses a large dataset and provides statistical evidence to support the findings	The study only focuses on the Indian labor market and may not be applicable to other countries	The study did not consider other factors that may affect wages such as age and experience	Policymakers should focus on creating policies that reduce informalityTo investigate the practical application of Islamic principles, further research is necessary
Bakar and Yusof (2016)	To examine the concept of wage determination from an Islamic perspective	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Wages should be determined based on the value of work, the prevailing market rate and the needs of workers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic principles for wage determination can be implemented in practice	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Chapra (1985)	To propose a just monetary system that includes fair wages	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and contemporary research	Wages should be determined by mutual agreement between employers and employees, taking into account the needs of both parties, the prevailing wage rate in the market and the quality of work. The monetary system should ensure that workers receive fair wages and that inflation does not erode their purchasing power	Provides a comprehensive proposal for a just monetary system that includes fair wages	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of the literature	To investigate the practical application of Islamic principles, further research is necessary
El-Ashker and Wilson (2006)	To provide a historical overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers. However, the practical application of these principles has been limited	Provides a broad overview of Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks detailed analysis of wage determination in Islam	A limited review of the literature	It is important to conduct more research to explore how Islamic principles are implemented in real-life situations
Elasrag and Masih (2017)	To examine the relationship between Islamic financial development and wage inequality	Empirical analysis	Islamic financial development has a negative effect on wage inequality	Provides empirical evidence on the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality	Limited to a specific country and time	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality in other settings
Elasrag and Masih (2017)	To examine the relationship between Islamic financial development and wage inequality	Empirical analysis	Islamic financial development has a negative effect on wage inequality	Provides empirical evidence on the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality	Limited to a specific country and time	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic finance on wage inequality in other settings
Elasrag (2018)	To analyze the relationship between Islamic values, job satisfaction and job performance in Egypt	The survey, structural equation modeling	1. Islamic values have a positive effect on job satisfaction and job performance. 2. Job satisfaction mediates the relationship between Islamic values and job performance	Empirical evidence on the relationship between Islamic values and job outcomes	Limited to a specific context (Egypt)	Lack of analysis of the impact of Islamic values on wage determination	Future studies could examine the relationship between Islamic values and wage determination in different contexts
Harahap et al. (2023)	To analyze the remuneration of workers from the perspective of Islamic law and current labor laws in Indonesia	Legal analysis	The current labor laws in Indonesia are not in accordance with the principles of Islamic law in terms of remuneration for workers	The study provides a legal analysis of the remuneration of workers in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective	Limited scope as it only focuses on one aspect of the labor laws in Indonesia	More studies need to be conducted to examine the other aspects of labor laws in Indonesia from an Islamic perspective	The government should revise the labor laws to ensure that they are in accordance with the principles of Islamic law
Hasan (2019b)	To examine the Islamic principles for wage determination	Literature review	Islamic perspective considers wages as a social responsibility and focuses on equity, justice and workers' well-being	Provides a comprehensive view of Islamic principles on wage determination	Lacks empirical research	The review mainly focuses on the conceptual framework and needs more empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of Islamic principles in wage determination
Hasan (2015)	To analyze Islamic principles for wage determination	Literature review	Islam emphasizes fair wages and workers should be paid according to their contribution to production and based on the principle of justice	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Ibrahim (2017)	To explore the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for economic development	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice and fairness in the workplace. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Kahf (2000)	To provide a definition and methodology for Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic economics emphasizes social justice, which includes ensuring fair wages for workers. Wage determination should be based on the principle of cooperation between employers and employees	Provides a comprehensive definition and methodology for Islamic economics, including its principles for wage determination	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of other f literature	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic framework for wage determination can be applied in practice
Khan (2015)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for economic development	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice, fairness and ethical treatment of employees. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	None mentioned	A limited review of the literature	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Khan and Farooq	To investigate the influence of Islamic principles on wage determination in Pakistan	Survey research and statistical analysis	Islamic principles have a positive impact on wage determination in Pakistan	Provides empirical evidence to support the Islamic perspective	Limited to one country	Further research is needed to examine the applicability of the findings to other countries	Further research is needed to examine the applicability of the findings to other countries
Khan (2019)	To explore the role of Islamic ethics in wage determination	Literature review	Islamic ethics emphasizes the value of work, justice and social welfare and wages should be determined based on market conditions and the value of the work performed	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Khan and Mirakhor (1987)	To identify the principles of Islamic economics that can be used to determine wages	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that the principles of justice, cooperation and responsibility can be used to determine wages in an Islamic economic system	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of the principles of Islamic economics in wage determination
Khan (1992)	To explore the concept of wage determination in an Islamic framework	Conceptual paper that uses Islamic sources and literature to analyze the concept of wage determination in Islam	Wages should be determined by mutual agreement between employers and employees, taking into account the needs of both parties, the prevailing wage rate in the market and the quality of work	Provides a comprehensive analysis of the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review of the f literature	Further research is needed to examine how the Islamic framework for wage determination can be applied in practice
Mahmood and Malik (2013)	To explore the Islamic perspective on profit-sharing in business, including its implications for wage determination	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Islamic principles for profit-sharing in business can provide a framework for determining fair wages for workers	Provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between profit-sharing and wage determination in Islam	Lacks empirical evidence to support its claims	A limited review other literature	The implementation of Islamic principles in practice warrants further investigation through research
Mohammad and Abdullah (2015)	To examine the effect of Islamic work ethics on wage determination	Survey and regression analysis	Islamic work ethics have a positive effect on wages	Provides empirical evidence for the impact of Islamic work ethics on wages	Limited to a specific population and industry	The need to validate the findings in other settings	Conduct further research to validate the impact of Islamic work ethics on wages in other settings
Mohammad and Abdullah (2015)	To investigate how Islamic work ethics affect the determination of wages	Multiple Regression analysis	Wages are positively impacted by Islamic work ethics	The study presents concrete evidence of how Islamic work ethics affect wages	The findings are only applicable to a specific group and sector	The findings should be tested in other settings to confirm their validity	Further research is necessary to confirm the influence of Islamic work ethics on wages in diverse contexts
Muhajir (2023)	To analyzed the wage system from the perspective of the Islamic economy in the wet sago home industry in Indonesia	Case study	The wage system in the wet sago home industry in Peace Village, Binjai District, Langkat Regency, Indonesia is not in accordance with the principles of the Islamic economy	The study provides an in-depth analysis of the wage system in a specific industry	Limited scope as it only focuses on one industry in a specific region	More studies need to be conducted in different regions and industries to get a comprehensive understanding of the wage system in Indonesia	The industry should apply the principles of the Islamic economy to ensure fair wages for workers
Naim and Abdurrahman (2020)	To examine the Islamic perspective on the wage gap	Literature review	In Islamic ideology, there is a focus on social justice and equitable wage distribution, with the discouragement of wealth concentration among a select few	Provides a comprehensive view of the concept of the wage gap in Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical research	The review mainly focuses on the conceptual framework and needs more empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the applicability of Islamic principles in reducing the wage gap
Qardawi (2016)	To examine the Islamic perspective on minimum wage	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islam emphasizes the need for a minimum wage that is sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers and their families	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the implementation of the Islamic minimum wage in different Muslim countries
Qureshi (2012)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its relevance to the modern economy	Literature review	1. Wage should be determined based on the principle of justice and fairness. 2. Wage should be in line with the productivity and contribution of the employee. 3. Wage should also consider the cost of living and the needs of the employees	1. Presents a comprehensive understanding of the Islamic perspective on wage determination. 2. Draws on classical Islamic sources	1. Lacks empirical evidence to support the claims	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Rafay and Munawar (2019)	To examine the compatibility of Islamic wage determination with modern economics	Literature review and qualitative analysis	Islamic wage determination is compatible with modern economics and may provide an alternative to the current wage systems	Provides a fresh perspective on wage determination	May overlook the differences in underlying principles and assumptions of Islamic and modern economics	The lack of empirical data to support the argument	Conduct further research to validate the compatibility of Islamic and modern economic principles
Rafay and Munawar (2019)	To examine the compatibility of Islamic wage determination with modern economics	Literature review and qualitative analysis	Islamic wage determination is compatible with modern economics and may provide an alternative to the current wage systems	Provides a fresh perspective on wage determination	May overlook the differences in underlying principles and assumptions of Islamic and modern economics	The lack of empirical data to support the argument	Conduct further research to validate the compatibility of Islamic and modern economic principles
Salam and Anwar (2020)	To analyze the connection between Islamic values and just compensation in the garment industry of Bangladesh	Case study	- Islamic principles of justice and fairness are not always reflected in wage determination practices in the Bangladeshi garment industry–Corruption, lack of transparency and power imbalances often undermine the implementation of fair wage policies	- Provides a detailed and contextualized analysis of the challenges faced in implementing Islamic principles in wage determination in a specific industry	- Limited generalizability of the findings, as they are specific to the Bangladeshi garment industry	- More research is needed to examine the generalizability of the findings in different industries and contexts	Conduct further research to develop a wage determination model
Salleh and Othman (2019)	To explore the factors influencing wage determination in Islamic economics	Literature review	Factors influencing wage determination include the value of work, the cost of living, the demand for labor and the principle of justice	Comprehensive analysis of factors influencing wage determination	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical wage-determination mechanisms
Samad (2016)	To examine the role of productivity in wage determination from an Islamic perspective	Literature review	The study found that productivity is an important factor in wage determination in Islam and that employers are encouraged to reward workers based on their productivity	A comprehensive review of the literature	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the relationship between productivity and wages in Islamic countries
Sardar (1999)	To explore the concept of the Islamic living wage	Content analysis of primary sources	The study found that Islam emphasizes the need for a living wage that is sufficient to meet the basic needs of workers and their families and that employers have a responsibility to provide this wage	Comprehensive analysis of primary sources	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to examine the implementation of the Islamic living wage in different Muslim countries
Shaikh and Khan (2016)	To explore the role of human resource management in determining fair wages from an Islamic perspective	Literature review of Islamic sources and contemporary research	Human resource management should ensure fair wages and protect the rights of workers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective	Lacks empirical evidence to support its	A limited review of the literature	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Siddiqi (2002)	To examine the Islamic principles of wage determination in relation to contemporary economic theory	Literature review	The study found that the Islamic principles of justice, cooperation and responsibility can be applied to wage determination and that they are compatible with contemporary economic theory	A comprehensive review of the literature	Lack of empirical data	The need for empirical research	Conduct empirical research to test the compatibility of the Islamic principles of wage determination with contemporary economic
Siddiqui (2009)	To analysed the Islamic perspective on wage determination and to provide an alternative framework for wage determination	Literature review	1. The concept of labor in Islam is based on the idea of work being a religious obligation and workers have a right to a just and fair wage. 2. Wages should be determined by the supply and demand in the labor market but should also consider the value of the work and the cost of living. 3. Profit-sharing arrangements can be used to align the interests of workers and employers	Provides a comprehensive overview of the Islamic perspective on wage determination	Does not provide empirical evidence or case studies to support the alternative framework proposed	Lack of empirical evidence to support the alternative framework proposed	Future studies could examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed framework in different contexts
Siddiqui (2011)	To identify Islamic principles for wage determination	Conceptual analysis and case studies	Wage determination an Islamic perspective should be based on the principles of justice, compassion and consultation	Provides a theoretical framework for Islamic wage determination	Lacks empirical data	Lack of application of principles in real-world settings	Conduct case studies to evaluate the applicability of the principles
Tahir (2018)	To analyze the Islamic perspective on minimum wage laws	Literature review	Islam supports minimum wage laws to ensure justice and social welfare and the minimum wage should be adjusted based on the cost of living and inflation	Comprehensive analysis of Islamic principles	Limited empirical evidence	Lack of agreement on specific minimum wage determination mechanisms	Further empirical studies are needed to develop practical minimum wage determination mechanisms
Zainuddin et al. (2015)	To examine the Islamic perspective on wage determination and its implications for social justice	Qualitative literature review	(1) Islamic wage determination emphasizes the importance of justice and fairness in the workplace. (2) Islamic principles suggest that wages should be determined based on the value of the work performed. (3) Islamic wage determination encourages profit-sharing and employee ownership	Provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic wage determination	A limited review of the literature	A limited review of the literature	More empirical research is needed to explore the practical implications of Islamic wage determination in the contemporary labor market
Zaman et al. (2018)	To analyzed the role of Islamic work ethics in determining wage levels in Pakistan	The survey, regression analysis	1. Islamic work ethics have a positive effect on wage levels in Pakistan. 2. Age, education and experience also influence wage levels	Empirical evidence on the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination	Limited to a specific context (Pakistan)	Lack of comparative analysis of the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination in different contexts	Future studies could examine the role of Islamic work ethics in wage determination in other Muslim-majority countries and non-Muslim countries
Extracted variable to determine the wage		Market Demand, Employee Skills, Value of Work/Performance-Based Pay/Productivity and Contribution of the Employee/, Quality of Work, Employer Profit, Nature of Work, Fair Compensation Practices, Fair Compensation for Labour, Profit-Sharing, Employee Ownership, Non-Monetary Incentives, Justice and Fairness, Prevailing Market Rate, Mutual Agreement, Inflation and Purchasing Power/Needs of Workers, Ethics, Principle of Cooperation, Cost of Living, Demand and supply for Labour

Source(s): Author’s own work

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