Table 1 Measurements and sources of...

Table 1

Measurements and sources of variables

Variable	Definition	Measurement	Source
LnEMP	Employment	The number of employed people in each province at the end of the year	China Statistical Yearbook
LnFER	Formal environmental regulation	Comprehensive index	China Environmental Yearbook
LnIER	Informal environmental regulation	Comprehensive index	China Environmental Yearbook
LnTI	Technological innovation	The number of utility model and invention patent applications	China Statistical Yearbook
LnFDI	Foreign direct investment	Actual use amount of foreign direct investment
LnGDP	Regional real GDP	Regional real GDP
LnWAGE	Wage	Average wage of employees
LnML	Marketization level	Marketization index	China's Marketization index report by province (2016)
LnOPEN	Trade openness	Total amount of import and export trade/GDP	China Statistical Yearbook
LnLABOR	Labor productivity	The ratio of industrial output value to labor force	China Industrial Economic Statistical Yearbook

Variable	Definition	Measurement	Source
LnEMP	Employment	The number of employed people in each province at the end of the year	China Statistical Yearbook
LnFER	Formal environmental regulation	Comprehensive index	China Environmental Yearbook
LnIER	Informal environmental regulation	Comprehensive index	China Environmental Yearbook
LnTI	Technological innovation	The number of utility model and invention patent applications	China Statistical Yearbook
LnFDI	Foreign direct investment	Actual use amount of foreign direct investment
LnGDP	Regional real GDP	Regional real GDP
LnWAGE	Wage	Average wage of employees
LnML	Marketization level	Marketization index	China's Marketization index report by province (2016)
LnOPEN	Trade openness	Total amount of import and export trade/GDP	China Statistical Yearbook
LnLABOR	Labor productivity	The ratio of industrial output value to labor force	China Industrial Economic StatisticalYearbook