Table 3 Regression results of the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Regression results of the relationship between environmental regulation, technological innovation and employment

Variables	Model 1 (⁠ ${L n E M P}_{i t}$ ⁠)		Model 2 (⁠ ${L n T I}_{i t}$ ⁠)		Model 3 (⁠ ${L n E M P}_{i t}$ ⁠)
${L n F E R}_{i t}$	0.177*** (0.022)		0.273*** (0.092)		0.243*** (0.021)
${(L n F E R)}_{i t}^{2}$	−0.042*** (0.004)		−0.002 (0.002)		−0.049*** (0.004)
${L n I E R}_{i t}$		−0.091** (0.040)		0.487*** (0.128)		−0.100*** (0.037)
${(L n I E R)}_{i t}^{2}$		0.009*** (0.003)		−0.030*** (0.009)		0.010*** (0.003)
${L n T I}_{i t}$					−0.072*** (0.008)	−0.087*** (0.008)
${L n L A B O R}_{i t}$	−0.815*** (0.012)	−0.821*** (0.011)	−0.0008 (0.049)	0.438*** (0.041)	−0.853*** (0.011)	−0.810*** (0.010)
${L n O P E N}_{i t}$	−0.005 (0.006)	−0.009 (0.007)	0.034 (0.024)	−0.092*** (0.025)	−0.007 (0.006)	0.003 (0.007)
${L n G D P}_{i t}$	0.964*** (0.008)	0.958*** (0.008)	1.100*** (0.031)	1.136*** (0.026)	1.065*** (0.012)	1.066*** (0.012)
${L n W A G E}_{i t}$	−0.067*** (0.019)	−0.092*** (0.019)	0.223*** (0.077)	0.212*** (0.067)	−0.068*** (0.016)	−0.092*** (0.018)
${L n F D I}_{i t}$	0.034*** (0.005)	0.022*** (0.006)	0.022 (0.024)	−0.059** (0.023)	0.036*** (0.005)	0.014*** (0.006)
${L n M L}_{i t}$	−0.047* (0.025)	−0.018 (0.030)	1.013*** (0.608)	0.787*** (0.101)	−0.012 (0.025)	0.057** (0.027)
Obs	390	390	390	390	390	390
Wooldridge test	141.901***	208.756***	55.057***	54.864***	162.019***	220.587***
Wald test	3146.15***	2220.15***	325.09***	679.50***	6237.71***	3206.93***

Variables	Model 1 ( ${L n E M P}_{i t}$ )		Model 2 ( ${L n T I}_{i t}$ )		Model 3 ( ${L n E M P}_{i t}$ )
${L n F E R}_{i t}$	0.177*** (0.022)		0.273*** (0.092)		0.243*** (0.021)
${(L n F E R)}_{i t}^{2}$	−0.042*** (0.004)		−0.002 (0.002)		−0.049*** (0.004)
${L n I E R}_{i t}$		−0.091** (0.040)		0.487*** (0.128)		−0.100*** (0.037)
${(L n I E R)}_{i t}^{2}$		0.009*** (0.003)		−0.030*** (0.009)		0.010*** (0.003)
${L n T I}_{i t}$					−0.072*** (0.008)	−0.087*** (0.008)
${L n L A B O R}_{i t}$	−0.815*** (0.012)	−0.821*** (0.011)	−0.0008 (0.049)	0.438*** (0.041)	−0.853*** (0.011)	−0.810*** (0.010)
${L n O P E N}_{i t}$	−0.005 (0.006)	−0.009 (0.007)	0.034 (0.024)	−0.092*** (0.025)	−0.007 (0.006)	0.003 (0.007)
${L n G D P}_{i t}$	0.964*** (0.008)	0.958*** (0.008)	1.100*** (0.031)	1.136*** (0.026)	1.065*** (0.012)	1.066*** (0.012)
${L n W A G E}_{i t}$	−0.067*** (0.019)	−0.092*** (0.019)	0.223*** (0.077)	0.212*** (0.067)	−0.068*** (0.016)	−0.092*** (0.018)
${L n F D I}_{i t}$	0.034*** (0.005)	0.022*** (0.006)	0.022 (0.024)	−0.059** (0.023)	0.036*** (0.005)	0.014*** (0.006)
${L n M L}_{i t}$	−0.047* (0.025)	−0.018 (0.030)	1.013*** (0.608)	0.787*** (0.101)	−0.012 (0.025)	0.057** (0.027)
Obs	390	390	390	390	390	390
Wooldridge test	141.901***	208.756***	55.057***	54.864***	162.019***	220.587***
Wald test	3146.15***	2220.15***	325.09***	679.50***	6237.71***	3206.93***

Note(s): *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.01