Table 1.

Lean thinking according to Womack and Jones (2003) 

1. Define customer valueDefine value in terms of specific products and capability offered at specific prices to specific customers
2. Identify the value streamIdentify the entire value stream for each product and remove all waste from the process
3. Make it flowMake the remaining value-creating steps flow by fighting against departmentalized batch thinking, and focusing on the product and its needs rather than the organization or equipment
4. Pull back from customerDo less forecasting and let the customer pull the product as it is needed, rather than pushing often unwanted products onto the customer
5. Striving for excellenceThere is no end to the process of reducing effort, time, space, cost, and mistakes while offering a product which is more what the customer wants

Note:

The five-step Lean process is also called the product value stream

Source: Coetzee et al. (2019a), Liker and Hoseus (2008) 

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