Table 1.

Case and data collection characteristics

Top-down caseBottom-up case
Case characteristics  
No. of employees (in FTEs)6,8005,285
No. of departments5755
Annual patient admissions27,00022,000
Adopted lean practicesHoshin kanri, VSM, kaizen (events), gemba walks, visual management, stand-ups and PDCAVSM, kaizen (events), gemba walks, visual management, stand-ups and PDCA
Data collection characteristics  
No. of employees interviewed2721
Executives (top manager)42
Staffa(middle manager)43
Department heads (middle manager)44
Medical department heads (middle manager32
Team leaders (Frontline leader)55
Nursing/employees54
Lean consultant22
No. of transcribed pages298364
No. of (archival) documents58 (1,842 pages)47 (1,505 pages)
No. of 60-min on-site field visits67

Note:

a

Staff included finance, human resources, strategy, quality and supply chain personnel

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