Table 2

Univariate unit-root tests on individual series

All ptutMales ptutFemales ptut
ADF-GLS−1.718−1.436−1.348−1.560−1.913−0.736
KPSS0.409***0.422***0.553***0.383***0.366***0.912***

Note(s): ADF-GLS is the test-statistic from the augmented Dickey–Fuller test with GLS detrending, where lag length is chosen based on the Schwarz Information Criterion. KPSS is the test statistic from Kwiatowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin test where maximum lags are chosen according to Schwert criterion *** indicate significance at 1% level

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