Table 5

Heterogeneous effect of the reform on school-to-work transition – TWFE estimates

Variables(1)(2)(3)(4)
School to work transitionSchool to work transitionSchool to work transitionSchool to work transition
Reform * Male−0.209 (0.135)   
Reform * Female−0.853*** (0.152)   
Reform * Italian 0.000542 (0.134)  
Reform * Migrants −1.362*** (0.157)  
Reform * Female * Migrants  −1.538*** (0.215) 
Reform * Male * Migrants  −1.232*** (0.167) 
Reform * Female * Natives  −0.469*** (0.159) 
Reform * Male * Natives  0.236 (0.144) 
Reform * Manufacturing   −0.253* (0.142)
Reform * Service   −0.224 (0.161)
Reform * Other field of study   −0.531*** (0.144)
Constant1.750*** (0.291)1.638*** (0.290)1.930*** (0.294)1.558*** (0.290)
Observations8,8588,8588,8588,858
R-squared0.1420.1500.1400.153
Individual characteristicsYesYesYesYes
Graduation year FEYesYesYesYes
Region FEYesYesYesYes
Year of birth FEYesYesYesYes
p value Test reform*Male = Reform*Fem0.000   
p value Test reform*immigrant = Reform*Native 0.000  
p-value Test reform*imm.*female = reform*imm.*male  0.141 
p-value Test reform*imm.*female = reform*native*female  0.000 
p-value Test reform*imm.*female = reform*natives*male  0.000 
p-value Test reform*imm.*male = reform*native*male  0.000 
p-value Test reform*imm.*male = reform*native*female  0.000 
p-value Test reform*native*female = reform*native*male  0.000 
p-value Test reform*manufacturing = reform*services   0.843
p-value Test reform*manufacturing = reform*others   0.0359
p-value Test reform*services = reform*others   0.0480

Note(s): The dependent variable is school to work transition, defined as the difference between the year the first job started and graduation year. The reform is a dummy equal to 1 for those individuals that graduated after the introduction of the reform (see Table 1). Each regression includes a female dummy, a migrant dummy, and field of study dummies. Robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1

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