Table 2 Main data sources and use of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Main data sources and use of data

Data source	Research stage	Type of data	Use in the analysis
Archival data and contracts	Exploratory	6 public documents (64 pages in total), including 1 sector wide report on data usage in public entities: “Best practices: Innovative examples of data usage by the Government” (2)2 sector wide vision documents and 1 presentation on collaborating with private suppliers “The market vision” “Leading principles for a better collaboration between client and supplier in 2020” “Chain cooperation and social innovation management and maintenance of linear infrastructure” (3)2 news items regarding the maintenance of railways “Investing in a better collaboration benefits rail maintenance” “Supplier wins maintenance contract Rail B”	Understanding the sector both case organisations operate in and current best practices with respect to data use within the sector Familiarising ourselves with the general view within the sector on how public-private relationships should be established and maintained
	In-depth	31 contract documents in total (973 pages), including 8 contract documents (one document describing the tender process [60 pages], one document with the core agreement [26 pages], three documents with specifications [183 pages] and three annexes [211 pages]) 9 documents describing optional and area specific activities that suppliers can perform to earn additional profits during the contract period (153 pages) 14 documents prescribing area specific activities that the supplier is expected to perform as part of the core agreements (340 pages)	Identifying current contractual agreements between Road and their private maintenance suppliers, including performance objectives that the supplier needs to achieve, provisions regarding data sharing and transformation, and incentive schemes Triangulation with findings and insights from the exploratory research stage and the semi-structured interviews
		19 Internal documents in total (493 pages), including 6 reports and 2 presentations on Road's innovation programme for maintenance “Project plan: Vital Assets – Pilot Road A” “Project plan: Vital Assets – Pilot Road B” “Vision on Vital Assets” “Expected approach in case of failures and Vital Assets” “Proposal investment program 'maintaining and improving the reliability of aging installations'” “LEF future centre: Vital Assets” “Pilot Road A: The old sluice – predictive corrosion maintenance” “Vital Assets in practice: pilot Road A and other pilots” (2)5 reports on collaboration with private suppliers “Get rid of the traditional division of roles in management and maintenance!” “Towards a vital infra sector: Project plan for a joint transition process” “Vision on Vital Assets in relation to procurement” “Handbook of the tender team” “Working on change management for IA sourcing: At the intersection of cooperation, market approach and technology” (3)2 presentations (one by Road's Chief Data Officer and one by a Solution Architect) intended for Road employees on how Road gathers and uses asset data “Data, the connecting link: Data for a customer-oriented, reliable, transparent and innovative Road organisation” “How do you get data? With the Object Data Service!”	Understanding on data gathering and transformation activities and on the desired relationship with suppliers Triangulation with findings and insights from the exploratory research stage, and the semi-structured interviews
		(4)1 corporate presentation on Rail's activities intended for external parties “Rail: General information” (5)3 annual reports from Rail “Management plan 2018” “Management plan 2019” “Management plan 2020–2021”
Observations (55 h)	Exploratory	10 observations in total, including: 3 tours around Road's facilities (showcasing critical assets equipped with sensors), 2 meetings between Road and their suppliers (discussing the progress of fitting sensors and sharing insights from sensor data), and 4 knowledge sharing sessions at Road and 1 at Rail (discussions between internal employees and external experts on the use of digital technologies for maintenance)	Obtaining an initial understanding of the various types of assets that are being maintained by Road, and of the roles of both Road and their suppliers in the maintenance process Experiencing how Road collaborates with their private maintenance suppliers Further developing our understanding of the various innovations being developed at both Road and Rail
Pilot interviews (9 h)	Exploratory	8 pilot interviews in total, 6 at Road (internal advisors in the area of innovation or contracting) and 2 at Rail (internal advisors in the area of innovation)	Obtaining an initial understanding of the key responsibilities and activities of Road and Rail and current innovations with respect to the maintenance and management of infrastructure assets Identifying potential cases at Road and Rail Familiarising ourselves with Road and Rail's current views on how data should be used, the desired relationships with suppliers and market conditions
Semi-structured interviews (18 h)	In-depth	20 semi-structured interviews in total, including 5 at Road A (Asset Manager 1, Asset Manager 2, Contract Manager 1, Advisor 1, and Data Scientist 1) 5 at Road B (Asset Specialist 1, Asset Manager 3, Contract Manager 2, Regional Director 1, and Configuration Manager 1) 4 at Rail (Project Manager 1, Data Scientist 2, Contract Manager 3, and Asset Manager 4) 3 at Rail A (Asset Manager 5, Contract Manager 4, and Asset Manager 6) 3 at Rail B (Asset Manager 7, Contract Manager 5, and Asset Manager 8)	Obtaining data and detailed insights into the following three aspects Maintenance activities and how these are affected by data (e.g. Asset Managers and Asset Specialists) Contractual agreements and relationships with suppliers (e.g. Contract Managers and Regional Director) Data gathering, sharing and transformation activities (e.g. Data Scientists and Configuration Manager) Triangulation with findings and insights from exploratory research stage

Data source	Research stage	Type of data	Use in the analysis
Archival data and contracts	Exploratory	6 public documents (64 pages in total), including 1 sector wide report on data usage in public entities: “Best practices: Innovative examples of data usage by the Government” (2)2 sector wide vision documents and 1 presentation on collaborating with private suppliers “The market vision”“Leading principles for a better collaboration between client and supplier in 2020”“Chain cooperation and social innovation management and maintenance of linear infrastructure” (3)2 news items regarding the maintenance of railways “Investing in a better collaboration benefits rail maintenance”“Supplier wins maintenance contract Rail B”	Understanding the sector both case organisations operate in and current best practices with respect to data use within the sectorFamiliarising ourselves with the general view within the sector on how public-private relationships should be established and maintained
	In-depth	31 contract documents in total (973 pages), including 8 contract documents (one document describing the tender process [60 pages], one document with the core agreement [26 pages], three documents with specifications [183 pages] and three annexes [211 pages]) 9 documents describing optional and area specific activities that suppliers can perform to earn additional profits during the contract period (153 pages) 14 documents prescribing area specific activities that the supplier is expected to perform as part of the core agreements (340 pages)	Identifying current contractual agreements between Road and their private maintenance suppliers, including performance objectives that the supplier needs to achieve, provisions regarding data sharing and transformation, and incentive schemesTriangulation with findings and insights from the exploratory research stage and the semi-structured interviews
		19 Internal documents in total (493 pages), including 6 reports and 2 presentations on Road's innovation programme for maintenance “Project plan: Vital Assets – Pilot Road A”“Project plan: Vital Assets – Pilot Road B”“Vision on Vital Assets”“Expected approach in case of failures and Vital Assets”“Proposal investment program 'maintaining and improving the reliability of aging installations'”“LEF future centre: Vital Assets”“Pilot Road A: The old sluice – predictive corrosion maintenance”“Vital Assets in practice: pilot Road A and other pilots” (2)5 reports on collaboration with private suppliers “Get rid of the traditional division of roles in management and maintenance!”“Towards a vital infra sector: Project plan for a joint transition process”“Vision on Vital Assets in relation to procurement”“Handbook of the tender team”“Working on change management for IA sourcing: At the intersection of cooperation, market approach and technology” (3)2 presentations (one by Road's Chief Data Officer and one by a Solution Architect) intended for Road employees on how Road gathers and uses asset data “Data, the connecting link: Data for a customer-oriented, reliable, transparent and innovative Road organisation”“How do you get data? With the Object Data Service!”	Understanding on data gathering and transformation activities and on the desired relationship with suppliersTriangulation with findings and insights from the exploratory research stage, and the semi-structured interviews
		(4)1 corporate presentation on Rail's activities intended for external parties “Rail: General information” (5)3 annual reports from Rail “Management plan 2018”“Management plan 2019”“Management plan 2020–2021”
Observations (55 h)	Exploratory	10 observations in total, including: 3 tours around Road's facilities (showcasing critical assets equipped with sensors), 2 meetings between Road and their suppliers (discussing the progress of fitting sensors and sharing insights from sensor data), and 4 knowledge sharing sessions at Road and 1 at Rail (discussions between internal employees and external experts on the use of digital technologies for maintenance)	Obtaining an initial understanding of the various types of assets that are being maintained by Road, and of the roles of both Road and their suppliers in the maintenance processExperiencing how Road collaborates with their private maintenance suppliersFurther developing our understanding of the various innovations being developed at both Road and Rail
Pilot interviews (9 h)	Exploratory	8 pilot interviews in total, 6 at Road (internal advisors in the area of innovation or contracting) and 2 at Rail (internal advisors in the area of innovation)	Obtaining an initial understanding of the key responsibilities and activities of Road and Rail and current innovations with respect to the maintenance and management of infrastructure assetsIdentifying potential cases at Road and RailFamiliarising ourselves with Road and Rail's current views on how data should be used, the desired relationships with suppliers and market conditions
Semi-structured interviews (18 h)	In-depth	20 semi-structured interviews in total, including 5 at Road A (Asset Manager 1, Asset Manager 2, Contract Manager 1, Advisor 1, and Data Scientist 1) 5 at Road B (Asset Specialist 1, Asset Manager 3, Contract Manager 2, Regional Director 1, and Configuration Manager 1) 4 at Rail (Project Manager 1, Data Scientist 2, Contract Manager 3, and Asset Manager 4) 3 at Rail A (Asset Manager 5, Contract Manager 4, and Asset Manager 6) 3 at Rail B (Asset Manager 7, Contract Manager 5, and Asset Manager 8)	Obtaining data and detailed insights into the following three aspects Maintenance activities and how these are affected by data (e.g. Asset Managers and Asset Specialists) Contractual agreements and relationships with suppliers (e.g. Contract Managers and Regional Director) Data gathering, sharing and transformation activities (e.g. Data Scientists and Configuration Manager) Triangulation with findings and insights from exploratory research stage