Table 3 Findings and key quotes from...

Table 3

Findings and key quotes from Road A

Road A
Uncertainty	In order to access needed data, Road A aimed to play a central role in data gathering: [1] “Road ultimately owns the objects. I think it is good if Road obtains and manages data itself” – Data Scientist 1 [2] “We are also looking for a link with our asset management system, which the supplier mainly works in” – Asset Manager 2 (2)Road A experienced difficulties with respect to determining the exact data they needed from their suppliers: [3] “That [the availability of data] differs per object. Usually, no explicit agreements were made about this in the past” – Data Scientist 1
Equivocality	Although Rail A possessed relevant data, their employees did not know their information needs and thus how the data should be transferred: [4] “The biggest challenge lies in determining the information needs. What is the relevant information that we need for the various processes we have?” – Asset Manager 1 [5] “It would help if we had someone who acts as a customer, who explains how we can help him and what exactly he needs” – Data Scientist 1 (2)To make sense of data, Road A relied on their supplier's input: [6] “My dashboard indicates action is required within three months. ‘Do you have the same experience? Does this pump show you anything that something is wrong?’ You will always need each other with respect to this” – Asset Manager 2

Road A
Uncertainty	In order to access needed data, Road A aimed to play a central role in data gathering: [1] “Road ultimately owns the objects. I think it is good if Road obtains and manages data itself” – Data Scientist 1 [2] “We are also looking for a link with our asset management system, which the supplier mainly works in” – Asset Manager 2 (2)Road A experienced difficulties with respect to determining the exact data they needed from their suppliers: [3] “That [the availability of data] differs per object. Usually, no explicit agreements were made about this in the past” – Data Scientist 1
Equivocality	Although Rail A possessed relevant data, their employees did not know their information needs and thus how the data should be transferred: [4] “The biggest challenge lies in determining the information needs. What is the relevant information that we need for the various processes we have?” – Asset Manager 1 [5] “It would help if we had someone who acts as a customer, who explains how we can help him and what exactly he needs” – Data Scientist 1 (2)To make sense of data, Road A relied on their supplier's input: [6] “My dashboard indicates action is required within three months. ‘Do you have the same experience? Does this pump show you anything that something is wrong?’ You will always need each other with respect to this” – Asset Manager 2

Road A

Uncertainty

In order to access needed data, Road A aimed to play a central role in data gathering: [1] “Road ultimately owns the objects. I think it is good if Road obtains and manages data itself” – Data Scientist 1

[2] “We are also looking for a link with our asset management system, which the supplier mainly works in” – Asset Manager 2

(2)Road A experienced difficulties with respect to determining the exact data they needed from their suppliers: [3] “That [the availability of data] differs per object. Usually, no explicit agreements were made about this in the past” – Data Scientist 1

Equivocality

Although Rail A possessed relevant data, their employees did not know their information needs and thus how the data should be transferred: [4] “The biggest challenge lies in determining the information needs. What is the relevant information that we need for the various processes we have?” – Asset Manager 1

[5] “It would help if we had someone who acts as a customer, who explains how we can help him and what exactly he needs” – Data Scientist 1

(2)To make sense of data, Road A relied on their supplier's input: [6] “My dashboard indicates action is required within three months. ‘Do you have the same experience? Does this pump show you anything that something is wrong?’ You will always need each other with respect to this” – Asset Manager 2

	Contractual Governance	Relational Governance
Information Acquisition	Contracts stipulated that Road owns the data and that suppliers must share relevant data (i.e. control) [7] “We have 1 main objective. We call it 'making the ABC' of our contract area. Improve the quality of documents and data” – Asset Manager 2 [8] “The supplier must deliver area data once maintenance is completed, so that Road can perform proper management of its area” – Contract (Annex 3, page 45.) (2)Contract prohibited (future) data sharing with other parties (control) [9] “But we want to be able to pass that data on to the next supplier” – Asset Manager 1 (3)Supplier takes advantage of vague agreements [10] “The supplier tries to limit its efforts as much as possible. They simply think: ‘I do not really have to do that, because the contract does not exactly detail what I have to do'” – Asset Manager 1	Road A's many requests for data led the supplier to think that Road A wanted to govern the maintenance activities the supplier was responsible for [11] “There is friction between the supplier and Road. Suppliers find it strange that we want to know a lot and they say: you have us to manage that, why do you want to govern that?” – Advisor 1 (2)Trust was needed to ensure a supplier is not reluctant to share data [12] “I think that it is mainly a matter of creating good connections and agreeing on what you are going to do” – Data Scientist 1 [13] “Interpersonal aspects and acceptance of each other's qualities play an important role. We must trust and strengthen each other” – ‘The Market Vision' document (page 7)
Information Transformation	Basic transformation activities were requested from suppliers through the contract [14] “The supplier must provide a progress report. This is used to determine what the performance of the supplier has been” – Contract Manager 1 (2)Redesign of contract required to better support knowledge sharing [15] “In our contracts, we want to organise a different way of rewarding [suppliers] in order to prevent unnecessary costs (including the use of capacity) and to support the sharing of knowledge and data” – 'Towards a vital sector' document (page 40)	Collaboration and common goals ensured most information was actually unlocked and interpreted in the same way [16] “What I would also like to see is that market parties realise that by jointly working on this type of information, they can also organise the maintenance process much more efficiently” – Asset Manager 1 [17] “I want to discuss this with the supplier, so not simply supply the data and then have to rely entirely on the analysis that is being made. […] I would like to do at least some of those processes together, to avoid discussion about the used data” – Asset Manager 1

	Contractual Governance	Relational Governance
Information Acquisition	Contracts stipulated that Road owns the data and that suppliers must share relevant data (i.e. control) [7] “We have 1 main objective. We call it 'making the ABC' of our contract area. Improve the quality of documents and data” – Asset Manager 2[8] “The supplier must deliver area data once maintenance is completed, so that Road can perform proper management of its area” – Contract (Annex 3, page 45.) (2)Contract prohibited (future) data sharing with other parties (control) [9] “But we want to be able to pass that data on to the next supplier” – Asset Manager 1 (3)Supplier takes advantage of vague agreements [10] “The supplier tries to limit its efforts as much as possible. They simply think: ‘I do not really have to do that, because the contract does not exactly detail what I have to do'” – Asset Manager 1	Road A's many requests for data led the supplier to think that Road A wanted to govern the maintenance activities the supplier was responsible for [11] “There is friction between the supplier and Road. Suppliers find it strange that we want to know a lot and they say: you have us to manage that, why do you want to govern that?” – Advisor 1 (2)Trust was needed to ensure a supplier is not reluctant to share data [12] “I think that it is mainly a matter of creating good connections and agreeing on what you are going to do” – Data Scientist 1[13] “Interpersonal aspects and acceptance of each other's qualities play an important role. We must trust and strengthen each other” – ‘The Market Vision' document (page 7)
Information Transformation	Basic transformation activities were requested from suppliers through the contract [14] “The supplier must provide a progress report. This is used to determine what the performance of the supplier has been” – Contract Manager 1 (2)Redesign of contract required to better support knowledge sharing [15] “In our contracts, we want to organise a different way of rewarding [suppliers] in order to prevent unnecessary costs (including the use of capacity) and to support the sharing of knowledge and data” – 'Towards a vital sector' document (page 40)	Collaboration and common goals ensured most information was actually unlocked and interpreted in the same way [16] “What I would also like to see is that market parties realise that by jointly working on this type of information, they can also organise the maintenance process much more efficiently” – Asset Manager 1[17] “I want to discuss this with the supplier, so not simply supply the data and then have to rely entirely on the analysis that is being made. […] I would like to do at least some of those processes together, to avoid discussion about the used data” – Asset Manager 1

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