Table 1 Drivers and barriers to AM... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Drivers and barriers to AM adoption

Drivers		Source	Barriers	Source
Exogenous events	Strategic Factors - Patents' expiration - Industry 4.0 advent	Pfohl et al. (2015), Ryan et al. (2017), Nascimento et al. (2019)	Technological barriers - Low production speed - High manufacturing costs for series production - Technical constraints: limited size and volume of the product - Quality issues and post-processing needs	Wagner and Walton (2016), Attaran (2017), Shukla et al. (2018), Thomas-Seale et al. (2018)
Expected benefits of adoption	Product level - Design freedom: possibility to produce complex-shaped items - Optimization of products and enhanced functionalities: creation of hollow spaces or grid structures inside an object	Mellor et al. (2014), Oettmeier and Hoffman (2016), Oettmeier and Hoffman (2017), Martinelli and Christopher (2019)	Operational barriers - Limited quality, accuracy and reliability - Limited available materials - Lack of technical standards and specifications	Colosimo et al. (2018), Chaudhuri et al. (2019)
Expected benefits of adoption	Process level - Cost-efficient manufacturing performance: reduction in manufacturing costs and lead time - Process simplification: fewer post-production and assembly procedures - Reduction in resource consumption and waste, with an impact on environmental performance - Shortening of the new product development process	Sun and Zhao (2017), Attaran (2017), Luomaranta and Martinsuo (2020)	Supply chain-related barriers - Uncertainty of the chain structure after AM adoption: changes in the SC design, new actors in the chain (e.g. new suppliers)	Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018)
	SC level - Digitization of SC processes and linkages - SC complexity reduction: elimination of one or more tiers from SC structure - SC performance enhancement: inventory and transportation costs reduction, better environmental impact - Enabling customer-centric business models: demand-chain and value co-creation with customers	Holmström et al. (2010), Khajavi et al. (2014), Bogers et al. (2016), Ashour Pour et al. (2019), Muir and Haddud (2018), Martinelli and Christopher (2019)	External barriers - Lack of certifications and regulations - Intellectual Property Right protection of CAD files	Yampolskiy et al. (2018), Halassi et al. (2019), den Boer et al. (2020)
			Organizational challenges - Lack of skills and knowledge of AM - Lack of trained and skilled labour force	Shukla et al. (2018), Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018), Öberg and Shams (2019)
			Strategic challenges - Lack of a strategy for AM introduction - High initial investments, capital expenditures (CAPEXs) and long payback time - High operational expenses (OPEXs)	Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018), Tziantopoulos et al. (2019), Braziotis et al. (2019)

Drivers		Source	Barriers	Source
Exogenous events	Strategic Factors - Patents' expiration - Industry 4.0 advent	Pfohl et al. (2015), Ryan et al. (2017), Nascimento et al. (2019)	Technological barriers - Low production speed - High manufacturing costs for series production - Technical constraints: limited size and volume of the product - Quality issues and post-processing needs	Wagner and Walton (2016), Attaran (2017), Shukla et al. (2018), Thomas-Seale et al. (2018)
Expected benefits of adoption	Product level - Design freedom: possibility to produce complex-shaped items - Optimization of products and enhanced functionalities: creation of hollow spaces or grid structures inside an object	Mellor et al. (2014), Oettmeier and Hoffman (2016), Oettmeier and Hoffman (2017), Martinelli and Christopher (2019)	Operational barriers - Limited quality, accuracy and reliability - Limited available materials - Lack of technical standards and specifications	Colosimo et al. (2018), Chaudhuri et al. (2019)
Expected benefits of adoption	Process level - Cost-efficient manufacturing performance: reduction in manufacturing costs and lead time - Process simplification: fewer post-production and assembly procedures - Reduction in resource consumption and waste, with an impact on environmental performance - Shortening of the new product development process	Sun and Zhao (2017), Attaran (2017), Luomaranta and Martinsuo (2020)	Supply chain-related barriers - Uncertainty of the chain structure after AM adoption: changes in the SC design, new actors in the chain (e.g. new suppliers)	Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018)
	SC level - Digitization of SC processes and linkages - SC complexity reduction: elimination of one or more tiers from SC structure - SC performance enhancement: inventory and transportation costs reduction, better environmental impact - Enabling customer-centric business models: demand-chain and value co-creation with customers	Holmström et al. (2010), Khajavi et al. (2014), Bogers et al. (2016), Ashour Pour et al. (2019), Muir and Haddud (2018), Martinelli and Christopher (2019)	External barriers - Lack of certifications and regulations - Intellectual Property Right protection of CAD files	Yampolskiy et al. (2018), Halassi et al. (2019), den Boer et al. (2020)
			Organizational challenges - Lack of skills and knowledge of AM - Lack of trained and skilled labour force	Shukla et al. (2018), Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018), Öberg and Shams (2019)
			Strategic challenges - Lack of a strategy for AM introduction - High initial investments, capital expenditures (CAPEXs) and long payback time - High operational expenses (OPEXs)	Martinsuo and Luomaranta (2018), Tziantopoulos et al. (2019), Braziotis et al. (2019)

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