Table 1 How public organizations embody... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

How public organizations embody cultural types

Grid (application of fixed rules)	Group (degree of social cohesion)
Grid (application of fixed rules)	Low	High
High	Fatalist	Hierarchist
High	Sceptical of any lasting answers, risk-averse and unlikely to take initiatives	“Weberian” public administration focus on consistent application of rules and due process
Low	Individualist	Egalitarian
Low	“New public management” focus on entrepreneurship, negotiation, competition, incentives and results	“New public governance” focus on distributed authority, deliberation, networks

Grid (application of fixed rules)	Group (degree of social cohesion)
Grid (application of fixed rules)	Low	High
High	Fatalist	Hierarchist
High	Sceptical of any lasting answers, risk-averse and unlikely to take initiatives	“Weberian” public administration focus on consistent application of rules and due process
Low	Individualist	Egalitarian
Low	“New public management” focus on entrepreneurship, negotiation, competition, incentives and results	“New public governance” focus on distributed authority, deliberation, networks