Table 1 Pillars and indicators of the...

Table 1

Pillars and indicators of the ESGGLMI and descriptive statistics^(*). The elaborations on EU-SILC data involve N = 267,492 (weighted) employees aged 25–64 years in 28 European countries (48.7% of men and 51.3% of women)

Pillars/indicators	Source	Mean	Std	Min	Max
Pillar 1: Labour market participation and conditions
1.1 Female unemployment rate/male unemployment rate	(1)	0.99	0.27	0.54	1.63
1.2 Female harmonized unemployment rate/male harmonized unemployment rate, age class 15–24	(1)	0.93	0.17	0.63	1.50
1.3 Female activity rate/male activity rate	(1)	0.86	0.07	0.70	0.95
1.4 Part-time as % of total employed (females/males)	(1)	3.16	1.66	1.38	9.00
1.5 Involuntary part-time as % of total part-time (females/males)	(1)	1.08	0.26	0.62	1.74
1.6 Temporary employees as % of total employees (females/males)	(1)	1.12	0.28	0.52	1.50
1.7 NEETs, age class 15–29 (females/males)	(2)	1.19	0.29	0.67	2.12
Pillar 2: Labour market integration
2.1 Women in the highest decision-making positions (%)	(1)	13.38	8.44	3.00	38.00
2.2 Women as national parliament members (%)	(1)	26.24	10.90	9.10	46.40
2.3 Size standardized horizontal segregation index (Gibbs, 1965)	(3)	0.35	0.08	0.23	0.51
2.4 Size standardized vertical segregation index (Gibbs, 1965)	(3)	0.72	0.10	0.54	0.90
2.5 % Women inventors	(2)	13.51	4.42	5.90	22.70
Pillar 3: Employment return and discrimination
3.1 Regression coefficients for experience in a Mincerian regression model (females/males)	(3)	1.13	0.65	0.43	2.90
3.2 Regression coefficients for education in a Mincerian regression model (females/males)	(3)	0.96	0.38	0.51	2.05
3.3 Difference between male and female mean income divided by the male mean income (in logs)	(3)	0.08	0.05	0.01	0.19
3.4 Discrimination part of the wage gap based on the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition	(3)	1.45	0.67	0.37	2.69
3.5 dr₀ inequality index	(3)	0.79	0.18	0.31	0.98
3.6 dr₂ inequality index	(3)	0.08	0.05	0.01	0.19
3.7 Years in education (females/males, on average)	(3)	1.05	0.04	0.98	1.17
3.8 Graduated employees, % (females/males)	(3)	1.34	0.29	0.79	1.93
3.9 Earning gender gap in self-employment	(2)	33.89	11.92	11.40	61.60
Pillar 4: Family responsibilities
4.1 Difference between the employment rates for women with and without children	(4)	11.52	8.59	−2.00	31.60
4.2 Unpaid working time (females/males)	(4)	2.62	0.86	1.17	5.11
4.3 Decision power in the couple: (% “more women” – % “more men”)/mean percentage of “more women” and “more men”	(5)	0.03	0.09	−0.13	0.24
4.4 Proportion of couples in which women contribute economically less than 40%, (% of couples with men main provider + proportion of men sole provider)	(6)	55.20	6.53	43.00	68.00
4.5 Difference between the percentages of women and men who reduced their time at work for children	(6)	23.43	14.88	−0.41	53.07
Pillar 5: Welfare measures related to female work
5.1 Formal childcare by age group	(4)	76.59	27.72	35.40	141.6
5.2 Length of paid maternal leave in weeks/length of paid paternal leave in weeks	(2)	11.13	15.38	−14.90	50.00
5.3 Neutrality of tax-benefit systems	(7)	−16.15	18.24	−67.60	6.00

Pillars/indicators	Source	Mean	Std	Min	Max
Pillar 1: Labour market participation and conditions
1.1 Female unemployment rate/male unemployment rate	(1)	0.99	0.27	0.54	1.63
1.2 Female harmonized unemployment rate/male harmonized unemployment rate, age class 15–24	(1)	0.93	0.17	0.63	1.50
1.3 Female activity rate/male activity rate	(1)	0.86	0.07	0.70	0.95
1.4 Part-time as % of total employed (females/males)	(1)	3.16	1.66	1.38	9.00
1.5 Involuntary part-time as % of total part-time (females/males)	(1)	1.08	0.26	0.62	1.74
1.6 Temporary employees as % of total employees (females/males)	(1)	1.12	0.28	0.52	1.50
1.7 NEETs, age class 15–29 (females/males)	(2)	1.19	0.29	0.67	2.12
Pillar 2: Labour market integration
2.1 Women in the highest decision-making positions (%)	(1)	13.38	8.44	3.00	38.00
2.2 Women as national parliament members (%)	(1)	26.24	10.90	9.10	46.40
2.3 Size standardized horizontal segregation index (Gibbs, 1965)	(3)	0.35	0.08	0.23	0.51
2.4 Size standardized vertical segregation index (Gibbs, 1965)	(3)	0.72	0.10	0.54	0.90
2.5 % Women inventors	(2)	13.51	4.42	5.90	22.70
Pillar 3: Employment return and discrimination
3.1 Regression coefficients for experience in a Mincerian regression model (females/males)	(3)	1.13	0.65	0.43	2.90
3.2 Regression coefficients for education in a Mincerian regression model (females/males)	(3)	0.96	0.38	0.51	2.05
3.3 Difference between male and female mean income divided by the male mean income (in logs)	(3)	0.08	0.05	0.01	0.19
3.4 Discrimination part of the wage gap based on the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition	(3)	1.45	0.67	0.37	2.69
3.5 dr₀ inequality index	(3)	0.79	0.18	0.31	0.98
3.6 dr₂ inequality index	(3)	0.08	0.05	0.01	0.19
3.7 Years in education (females/males, on average)	(3)	1.05	0.04	0.98	1.17
3.8 Graduated employees, % (females/males)	(3)	1.34	0.29	0.79	1.93
3.9 Earning gender gap in self-employment	(2)	33.89	11.92	11.40	61.60
Pillar 4: Family responsibilities
4.1 Difference between the employment rates for women with and without children	(4)	11.52	8.59	−2.00	31.60
4.2 Unpaid working time (females/males)	(4)	2.62	0.86	1.17	5.11
4.3 Decision power in the couple: (% “more women” – % “more men”)/mean percentage of “more women” and “more men”	(5)	0.03	0.09	−0.13	0.24
4.4 Proportion of couples in which women contribute economically less than 40%, (% of couples with men main provider + proportion of men sole provider)	(6)	55.20	6.53	43.00	68.00
4.5 Difference between the percentages of women and men who reduced their time at work for children	(6)	23.43	14.88	−0.41	53.07
Pillar 5: Welfare measures related to female work
5.1 Formal childcare by age group	(4)	76.59	27.72	35.40	141.6
5.2 Length of paid maternal leave in weeks/length of paid paternal leave in weeks	(2)	11.13	15.38	−14.90	50.00
5.3 Neutrality of tax-benefit systems	(7)	−16.15	18.24	−67.60	6.00

Note(s): (1) Eurostat on line database; (2) OECD gender database, www.oecd.org/gender; (3) ad hoc elaborations on EU-SILC data; (4) European Commission, http://ec.Europe.eu/equalpay; (5) ad hoc elaboration on the EU SILC special issue data; (6) European Commission (2014); (7) OECD employment database; ^(*) in italics are the indicators not included in the previous GGLMI

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