Table III

Socio-demographic characteristics and personal values/norms

VariableResultStudy
GenderWomen have higher tax morale than menAlm and Torgler (2004, 2006), Chan et al. (2018), Cyan et al. (2016), Doerrenberg and Peichl (2010), D’Attoma (2015), Feld and Torgler (2007), Horodnic and Williams (2016), Leonardo and Martinez-Vazquez (2016), Li (2010), Maria-Dolores et al. (2010), Martinez-Vazquez and Torgler (2009), Russo (2013), Torgler (2003a, b, c, d, 2004a, c, 2006, 2012), Torgler and Murphy (2004), Torgler and Schneider (2004), Torgler and Werner (2005), Torgler et al. (2007a, b, 2008), Williams and Horodnic (2016a, c), Williams and Martinez (2014), Windebank and Horodnic (2016) 
AgeOlder people have higher tax moraleAlasfour et al. (2016), Alm and Gomez (2008), Alm and Torgler (2004, 2006), Barone and Mocetti (2011), Bilgin (2014), Braithwaite and Ahmed (2005), Chan et al. (2018), Daude et al. (2012), Feld and Torgler, 2007, Feld et al., 2008, Filippin et al. (2013), Frey and Torgler (2007), Horodnic and Williams (2016), Kondelaji et al. (2016), Lago-Peñas and Lago-Peñas (2010), Leonardo and Martinez-Vazquez (2016), Li (2010), Lubian and Zarri (2011), Martinez-Vazquez and Torgler (2009), Nordblom and Žamac (2012) , Ristovska et al. (2013), Torgler (2002/2003, 2003b, c, d, 2004a, b, c, 2005b, 2006, 2012), Torgler and Murphy (2004), Torgler and Werner (2005), Torgler et al. (2007a), Trüdinger and Hildebrandt (2013), Vythelingum et al. (2017), Williams and Horodnic (2016c), Williams and Martinez (2014), Windebank and Horodnic (2016) 
Marital StatusMarried people have higher tax morale than singlesAlm and Torgler (2004, 2006), Chan et al. (2018), Doerrenberg and Peichl (2010), Feld and Torgler (2007), Feld et al., 2008, Li (2010), Torgler (2003a,  b, c, 2004a, c, 2005b, 2006, 2012), Torgler and Murphy (2004), Torgler and Werner (2005), Torgler et al. (2007b), Vythelingum et al. (2017), Williams and Horodnic (2016c), Williams and Krasniqi (2017), Windebank and Horodnic (2016) 
Financial/economic statusHigher satisfaction with financial situation is correlated with higher tax moraleAlasfour et al. (2016), Alm and Torgler (2004), Barone and Mocetti (2011), D’Attoma 2015, Filippin et al. (2013), Ibrahim et al. (2015), Kondelaji et al. (2016), Lago-Peñas and Lago-Peñas (2010), Martinez-Vazquez and Torgler (2009), Martins and Gomes (2014), Ristovska et al. (2013), Torgler (2003a, d, 2004a, c, 2005b, 2006), Torgler et al. (2007b), Williams and Horodnic (2016c), Williams and Krasniqi (2017), Williams and Martinez (2014), Windebank and Horodnic (2016) 
Social classHigher economic class is associated with lower tax moraleAlm and Torgler (2004), Li (2010), Martinez-Vazquez and Torgler (2009), Torgler (2004b, 2006) 
Life satisfactionIndividual’s life satisfaction increases tax moraleMartins and Gomes (2014), Sá et al. (2015), Torgler (2003b, 2004b, 2005b) 
Employment statusSelf-employed persons have lower tax morale than employeesAlm and Torgler (2006), Chan et al. (2018), Daude et al. (2012), Doerrenberg and Peichl (2010), D’Attoma (2015), Filippin et al. (2013), Frey and Torgler (2007), Lago-Peñas and Lago-Peñas (2010), Lubian and Zarri (2011), Torgler (2003b, c, 2004b, c), Torgler et al. (2007a), Williams and Martinez (2014) 
 Part-time employees, unemployed people and students have lower tax morale than full-time employeesDaude et al. (2012), Torgler (2003a, c, d, 2004b, c), Williams and Martinez (2014) 
 Pensioners/retired have higher tax morale relative to non-pensionersCyan et al. (2016), Doerrenberg and Peichl (2010), Feld et al., 2008, Martins and Gomes (2014), Torgler (2005c), Torgler and Murphy (2004), Vythelingum et al. (2017) 
 Housewives/housekeepers have lower tax moraleIbrahim et al. (2015), Williams and Martinez (2014) 
 Those engaged in undeclared work have lower tax moraleHorodnic and Williams (2016), Williams and Horodnic (2016a, c, 2017b), Windebank and Horodnic (2016) 
EducationBetter educated persons have higher tax moraleAlasfour et al. (2016), Alm and Gomez (2008), Barone and Mocetti (2011), Cyan et al. (2016), Daude et al. (2012), D’Attoma (2015), Filippin et al. (2013), Li (2010), Lubian and Zarri (2011), Rodriguez-Justicia and Theilen (2018), Torgler (2003a, 2005c, 2012), Torgler et al. (2007b), Williams and Horodnic (2016c), Williams and Krasniqi (2017) 
Support for democracySupport for democratic values is associated with high tax moraleDaude et al. (2012), Leonardo (2011), Leonardo and Martinez-Vazquez (2016), Torgler (2003b, 2004b), Torgler and Schneider (2004) 
Moral normsPersonal integrity increases tax moraleBilgin (2014), Dell’Anno (2009), McKerchar et al. (2013), Torgler (2006) 
Individuals’ aversion to ethnic diversityHigher aversion to ethnic diversity is associated with lower tax moraleBelmonte et al. (2018) 

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