Random intercept, fixed slopes model (WTP)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willingness to pay | b | se | b | se |
| Gender: Female (ref. male) | 0.237* | 0.098 | 0.238* | 0.098 |
| Age: 43 years (ref. 25 years) | 0.065 | 0.099 | 0.067 | 0.099 |
| Language skills (ref. basic) | ||||
| Native | 0.770*** | 0.122 | 0.774*** | 0.122 |
| Fluent | 0.504*** | 0.121 | 0.506*** | 0.121 |
| Training: Yes (ref. no training) | 0.480*** | 0.097 | 0.480*** | 0.097 |
| Working experiences: 5 years (ref. 9 months) | 0.263** | 0.097 | 0.267** | 0.097 |
| Availability: Flexible (ref. fixed day) | 0.395*** | 0.097 | 0.392*** | 0.097 |
| Referral (ref. Internet, 5/5 stars) | ||||
| Friend, very satisfied | 0.070 | 0.119 | 0.070 | 0.119 |
| Friend, moderately satisfied | −0.468*** | 0.121 | −0.469*** | 0.121 |
| Condition: With voucher (ref. without voucher) | 3.706*** | 0.093 | 3.706*** | 0.093 |
| Cons | 10.202*** | 0.229 | 10.058*** | 0.543 |
| var(_cons) | 12.177*** | 0.860 | 11.653*** | 0.826 |
| var(Residual) | 6.857*** | 0.182 | 6.857*** | 0.182 |
| N | 3312 | 3312 | ||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willingness to pay | b | se | b | se |
| 0.237* | 0.098 | 0.238* | 0.098 | |
| 0.065 | 0.099 | 0.067 | 0.099 | |
| Native | 0.770*** | 0.122 | 0.774*** | 0.122 |
| Fluent | 0.504*** | 0.121 | 0.506*** | 0.121 |
| 0.480*** | 0.097 | 0.480*** | 0.097 | |
| 0.263** | 0.097 | 0.267** | 0.097 | |
| 0.395*** | 0.097 | 0.392*** | 0.097 | |
| Friend, very satisfied | 0.070 | 0.119 | 0.070 | 0.119 |
| Friend, moderately satisfied | −0.468*** | 0.121 | −0.469*** | 0.121 |
| 3.706*** | 0.093 | 3.706*** | 0.093 | |
| Cons | 10.202*** | 0.229 | 10.058*** | 0.543 |
| var(_cons) | 12.177*** | 0.860 | 11.653*** | 0.826 |
| var(Residual) | 6.857*** | 0.182 | 6.857*** | 0.182 |
| N | 3312 | 3312 | ||
Note(s): Model 2 adjusted for respondent characteristics: Education, household income, partner, children, household help and income changes due to COVID-19. The value of 10 (EUR) was added to the dependent variable “Willingness to pay” in the experimental condition “with voucher” for ease of interpretation. When using the original coding, the “voucher” coefficient is simply reversed and amounts to −6.29 (EUR/hour). That is, when vouchers are present, respondents pay on average 6.29 EUR less. Given the experimental condition of a voucher worth EUR 10, cleaners would earn 10–6.29 = 3.71 EUR more than without vouchers