Table S4

Random intercept, fixed slopes model (WTP)

Model 1Model 2
Willingness to paybsebse
Gender: Female (ref. male)0.237*0.0980.238*0.098
Age: 43 years (ref. 25 years)0.0650.0990.0670.099
Language skills (ref. basic)
Native0.770***0.1220.774***0.122
Fluent0.504***0.1210.506***0.121
Training: Yes (ref. no training)0.480***0.0970.480***0.097
Working experiences: 5 years (ref. 9 months)0.263**0.0970.267**0.097
Availability: Flexible (ref. fixed day)0.395***0.0970.392***0.097
Referral (ref. Internet, 5/5 stars)
Friend, very satisfied0.0700.1190.0700.119
Friend, moderately satisfied−0.468***0.121−0.469***0.121
Condition: With voucher (ref. without voucher)3.706***0.0933.706***0.093
Cons10.202***0.22910.058***0.543
var(_cons)12.177***0.86011.653***0.826
var(Residual)6.857***0.1826.857***0.182
N3312 3312 

Note(s): Model 2 adjusted for respondent characteristics: Education, household income, partner, children, household help and income changes due to COVID-19. The value of 10 (EUR) was added to the dependent variable “Willingness to pay” in the experimental condition “with voucher” for ease of interpretation. When using the original coding, the “voucher” coefficient is simply reversed and amounts to −6.29 (EUR/hour). That is, when vouchers are present, respondents pay on average 6.29 EUR less. Given the experimental condition of a voucher worth EUR 10, cleaners would earn 10–6.29 = 3.71 EUR more than without vouchers

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