Examples of work orientations and rationales presented in previous studies
| Goldthorpe et al. (1968) | Instrumental orientation | Work as a means of acquiring income |
| Bureaucratic orientation | Work as income, social status and security – a career | |
| Solidaristic orientation | Work as group activity and loyalty to a work organization | |
| Rose (2005) | Expressive rationale | Work for self-actualization |
| Instrumental rationale | Work for economic return | |
| Social rationale | Work to avoid isolation and make friends | |
| Parker et al. (1997) | Strategic orientation | Focus on customers, flexibility, preventive problem-solving, continuous improvement |
| Role orientation | Proactive, responsibility for work beyond one's immediate operational tasks |
| Instrumental orientation | Work as a means of acquiring income | |
| Bureaucratic orientation | Work as income, social status and security – a career | |
| Solidaristic orientation | Work as group activity and loyalty to a work organization | |
| Expressive rationale | Work for self-actualization | |
| Instrumental rationale | Work for economic return | |
| Social rationale | Work to avoid isolation and make friends | |
| Strategic orientation | Focus on customers, flexibility, preventive problem-solving, continuous improvement | |
| Role orientation | Proactive, responsibility for work beyond one's immediate operational tasks |
Source(s): Authors' own creation
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