Table 1 Background Statistic:...

Table 1

Background Statistic: Expenditure on ASPs, Female Employment Rate and Gender Equality Index (1990–2010s), selected countries

	Italy				Spain				France				Germany
	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s
Expenditure on WLBPs¹	0.14	0.19	0.2	+0.06	0.18	0.67	0.78	+0.6	0.51	0.7	0.95	+0.44	0.69	0.76	1.16	+0.47
Expenditure on ALMPs²	0.49	0.50	0.32	−0.17	0.58	0.60	0.54	−0.04	1.01	0.77	0.64	−0.36	1.04	0.82	0.32	−0.72
Female Employment Rate³	36.4	44.3	47.7	+11.3	33.7	50.2	54.3	+20.6	53.3	58.0	60.5	+7.2	55.4	60.7	69.8	+14.4
Gender Equality Index⁴	–	–	63.8 (14th)	–	–	–	73.7 (6th)	–	–	–	73.5 (3rd)	–	–	–	68.6 (10th)	–

	Italy				Spain				France				Germany
	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s
Expenditure on WLBPs¹	0.14	0.19	0.2	+0.06	0.18	0.67	0.78	+0.6	0.51	0.7	0.95	+0.44	0.69	0.76	1.16	+0.47
Expenditure on ALMPs²	0.49	0.50	0.32	−0.17	0.58	0.60	0.54	−0.04	1.01	0.77	0.64	−0.36	1.04	0.82	0.32	−0.72
Female Employment Rate³	36.4	44.3	47.7	+11.3	33.7	50.2	54.3	+20.6	53.3	58.0	60.5	+7.2	55.4	60.7	69.8	+14.4
Gender Equality Index⁴	–	–	63.8 (14th)	–	–	–	73.7 (6th)	–	–	–	73.5 (3rd)	–	–	–	68.6 (10th)	–

	Denmark				Sweden
	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s
Expenditure on WLBPs	2.03	2.3	2.27	+0.24	1.67	1.31	1.57	−0.1
Expenditure on ALMPs	1.75	1.35	1.38	−0.37	1.94	0.93	0.92	−1.03
Female Employment rate	69.3	72.0	69.6	+0.3	72.9	72.1	73.4	+0.5
Gender Equality Index	–	–	77.8 (2nd)	–	–	–	83.9 (1st)	–

	Denmark				Sweden
	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s	1990s	2000s	2010s	Change 1990–2010s
Expenditure on WLBPs	2.03	2.3	2.27	+0.24	1.67	1.31	1.57	−0.1
Expenditure on ALMPs	1.75	1.35	1.38	−0.37	1.94	0.93	0.92	−1.03
Female Employment rate	69.3	72.0	69.6	+0.3	72.9	72.1	73.4	+0.5
Gender Equality Index	–	–	77.8 (2nd)	–	–	–	83.9 (1st)	–

Note(s): 1: The expenditure on WLBPs is based on the expenditure for family services (in-kind benefits) as % of GDP (average values for each decade). Source: Eurostat

2: The expenditure on ALMPs is calculated as a % of GDP (average values for each decade, for the 1990s we refer only to the late years). Source: Eurostat

3: Source: Authors' elaboration based on Eurostat

4: Source: Authors' elaboration based on https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/The data for 2021 Index is mostly from 2019

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