Women elected to national Parliaments (%) 1990–2010s
| Parliament majority | Ranking | Lower or single house | Upper house or senate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a) Italy | ||||
| 1996 | center-left | 43 | 11.1% | 8% |
| 2001 | center-right | 65 | 9.8% | 7.7% |
| 2006 | center-left | 60 | 17.3% | 13.7% |
| 2008 | center-right | 52 | 21.1% | 18.0% |
| 2013 | center-left | 34 | 28.4% | 27.0% |
| 2018 | Mixed | 29 | 35.7% | 35.3% |
| b) Spain | ||||
| 1996 | center-right | 14 | 24.6% | 13.3% |
| 2000 | center-right | 12 | 28.3% | 22.8% |
| 2004 | center-left | 7 | 36% | 23.2% |
| 2008 | center-left | 9 | 36.3% | 28.3% |
| 2011 | center-right | 18 | 36.0% | 33.5% |
| 2015 | Mixed | 14 | 40.0% | 39.2% |
| 2016 | center-right | 18 | 39.1% | 38.0% |
| 2019 (Nov.) | center-left | 13 | 44% | 39% |
| Parliament majority | Ranking | Lower or single house | Upper house or senate | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | center-left | 43 | 11.1% | 8% |
| 2001 | center-right | 65 | 9.8% | 7.7% |
| 2006 | center-left | 60 | 17.3% | 13.7% |
| 2008 | center-right | 52 | 21.1% | 18.0% |
| 2013 | center-left | 34 | 28.4% | 27.0% |
| 2018 | Mixed | 29 | 35.7% | 35.3% |
| 1996 | center-right | 14 | 24.6% | 13.3% |
| 2000 | center-right | 12 | 28.3% | 22.8% |
| 2004 | center-left | 7 | 36% | 23.2% |
| 2008 | center-left | 9 | 36.3% | 28.3% |
| 2011 | center-right | 18 | 36.0% | 33.5% |
| 2015 | Mixed | 14 | 40.0% | 39.2% |
| 2016 | center-right | 18 | 39.1% | 38.0% |
| 2019 (Nov.) | center-left | 13 | 44% | 39% |
Source(s): Authors' elaboration based on Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), no available data before 1996