Table 1 Backpacker operational criteria... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Backpacker operational criteria

Criteria	Authors
Self-identification	Agyeiwaah et al. (2020, p. 9); Iaquinto & Pratt (2020, p. 103); Iaquinto (2015, p. 581); Ho & Peng (2017, p. 454); Wu et al. (2016, p. 22); Cederholm (2004, p. 229)
Virtual communities	Guerreiro et al. (2019, p. 533); Chen et al. (2019, p. 62); Yeh & Ku (2019, p. 115); Martins et al. (2018. p. 426); Wang & Chen (2018, p. 760); Canavan (2018a, p. 556); Canavan (2018 b, p. 189); Chung, H.C., Chung, N., Nam, Y., (2017, p. 4); Bosangit et al. (2015, p. 5); Ku & Chen, 2015 (p. 470); Luo et al. (2014, 72); Chen & Weiler (2014, p. 481); Ho et al. (2014, p. 472); Enoch and Grossman (2010, p. 523); Chang (2009, p. 716)
Combined criteria	Thieme et al. (2020, p. 6); Cai et al., 2019, (p. 122, 124); Sroypetch et al. (2018, p. 204, 207); Iaquinto (2018, p. 573); Zhang et al. (2018, p. 529); Chen & Huang (2017, p. 634); Sroypetch & Carr (2018, p. 506); Nok et al. (2017, p. 1063); Sroypetch (2016, p. 134); Adam (2015, p. 102); Adam & Adongo (2016, p. 62); Adongo et al., 2017 (p. 68); Dayour et al. (2016, p. 38); Hunter-Jones et al. (2008, p. 240); Gogia (2006, p. 365); Scheyvens (2006, p. 79); Moscardo (2006, p. 32)
Hostels and low-cost accommodation	Chiang (2018, p. 377); Park & Santos (2017, p. 18); Iaquinto (2016, p. 481); Hindle et al. (2015, p. 183); Brochado et al. (2015, p. 1845); Jarvis & Peel (2013, p. 118); Akatay et al. (2013, p. 362, 369); Iaquinto (2012, p. 148); Musa and Thirumoorthi (2011, p. 109); Ooi and Laing (2010, p. 196); Allon and Anderson (2010, p. 14); Allon et al. (2008, p. 85); Chitty et al. (2007, p. 563); Rogerson (2007, p. 161); Hecht and Martin (2006, p. 71); Obenour et al. (2006, p. 34); Visser (2004, p. 284)
Travel characteristics Independent organised travel Backpacking travel style	Bui & Wilkins (2018, p. 1101) Collins-Kreiner et al. (2018, p. 410); Farnham et al. (2018, p. 2); Olanwijitwong et al. (2018, p. 3); Piyaphanee et al. (2014, p. 165); Richards (2015, p. 344); Redman et al. (2006, p. 207); Thyne et al. (2006, pp. 205–206)
Frequented spots/Enclaves	Frilund (2018, p. 360); Zhang et al. (2017, p. 117); Rodrigues & Prideaux (2012, p. 8); Matthews (2012, p. 54); Piyaphanee et al. (2011, p. 110); Piyaphanee et al. (2009, pp. 101–102); Cohen (2007, p. 32); Cohen (2006, p. 222); Maoz (2006, p.); Teo and Leong (2006, p. 116)
Others	Bae & Chick, (2016, p. 32)
Articles without backpacker operationalisation description	Bonny-Noach (2018); Chen and Huang (2019); Clow et al. (2013); Cohen (2018); Gezon (2018); Godfrey et al. (2014); Green & Holloway (2016); Hampton & Hamzah (2016); Hamzah & Hampton & Routledge Taylor and Francis Group (2013); Huang et al. (2014); Hung et al. (2013); King & Gardiner (2013); Martins and Costa (2017), Moscardo et al. (2013); O’ Regan (2016, 2018); Schindler et al. (2015); Serhat & Uzuncan (2020); Ee Ong & du Cros (2012); Luo & Zhong (2010); Luo & li (2009); Bell (2008); Bellis et al. (2007); Pearce (2006; Muzaini (2006); Maoz (2006); Hanlan & Kelly (2005); Allon (2004); Cooper (2000)

Criteria	Authors
Self-identification	Agyeiwaah et al. (2020, p. 9); Iaquinto & Pratt (2020, p. 103); Iaquinto (2015, p. 581); Ho & Peng (2017, p. 454); Wu et al. (2016, p. 22); Cederholm (2004, p. 229)
Virtual communities	Guerreiro et al. (2019, p. 533); Chen et al. (2019, p. 62); Yeh & Ku (2019, p. 115); Martins et al. (2018. p. 426); Wang & Chen (2018, p. 760); Canavan (2018a, p. 556); Canavan (2018 b, p. 189); Chung, H.C., Chung, N., Nam, Y., (2017, p. 4); Bosangit et al. (2015, p. 5); Ku & Chen, 2015 (p. 470); Luo et al. (2014, 72); Chen & Weiler (2014, p. 481); Ho et al. (2014, p. 472); Enoch and Grossman (2010, p. 523); Chang (2009, p. 716)
Combined criteria	Thieme et al. (2020, p. 6); Cai et al., 2019, (p. 122, 124); Sroypetch et al. (2018, p. 204, 207); Iaquinto (2018, p. 573); Zhang et al. (2018, p. 529); Chen & Huang (2017, p. 634); Sroypetch & Carr (2018, p. 506); Nok et al. (2017, p. 1063); Sroypetch (2016, p. 134); Adam (2015, p. 102); Adam & Adongo (2016, p. 62); Adongo et al., 2017 (p. 68); Dayour et al. (2016, p. 38); Hunter-Jones et al. (2008, p. 240); Gogia (2006, p. 365); Scheyvens (2006, p. 79); Moscardo (2006, p. 32)
Hostels and low-cost accommodation	Chiang (2018, p. 377); Park & Santos (2017, p. 18); Iaquinto (2016, p. 481); Hindle et al. (2015, p. 183); Brochado et al. (2015, p. 1845); Jarvis & Peel (2013, p. 118); Akatay et al. (2013, p. 362, 369); Iaquinto (2012, p. 148); Musa and Thirumoorthi (2011, p. 109); Ooi and Laing (2010, p. 196); Allon and Anderson (2010, p. 14); Allon et al. (2008, p. 85); Chitty et al. (2007, p. 563); Rogerson (2007, p. 161); Hecht and Martin (2006, p. 71); Obenour et al. (2006, p. 34); Visser (2004, p. 284)
Travel characteristicsIndependent organised travelBackpacking travel style	Bui & Wilkins (2018, p. 1101)Collins-Kreiner et al. (2018, p. 410); Farnham et al. (2018, p. 2); Olanwijitwong et al. (2018, p. 3); Piyaphanee et al. (2014, p. 165); Richards (2015, p. 344); Redman et al. (2006, p. 207); Thyne et al. (2006, pp. 205–206)
Frequented spots/Enclaves	Frilund (2018, p. 360); Zhang et al. (2017, p. 117); Rodrigues & Prideaux (2012, p. 8); Matthews (2012, p. 54); Piyaphanee et al. (2011, p. 110); Piyaphanee et al. (2009, pp. 101–102); Cohen (2007, p. 32); Cohen (2006, p. 222); Maoz (2006, p.); Teo and Leong (2006, p. 116)
Others	Bae & Chick, (2016, p. 32)
Articles without backpacker operationalisation description	Bonny-Noach (2018); Chen and Huang (2019); Clow et al. (2013); Cohen (2018); Gezon (2018); Godfrey et al. (2014); Green & Holloway (2016); Hampton & Hamzah (2016); Hamzah & Hampton & Routledge Taylor and Francis Group (2013); Huang et al. (2014); Hung et al. (2013); King & Gardiner (2013); Martins and Costa (2017), Moscardo et al. (2013); O’ Regan (2016, 2018); Schindler et al. (2015); Serhat & Uzuncan (2020); Ee Ong & du Cros (2012); Luo & Zhong (2010); Luo & li (2009); Bell (2008); Bellis et al. (2007); Pearce (2006; Muzaini (2006); Maoz (2006); Hanlan & Kelly (2005); Allon (2004); Cooper (2000)

Source: Author’s construction