Table 4 Backpackers’ main motivations to...

Table 4

Backpackers’ main motivations to travel

Main motivations
Maslow's classification hierarchy	Sources
Psychological needs
Improving personal skills	Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Developing and updating personal skills	Chen et al. (2014); Hsu, Wang, & Huang (2014); Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Pearce et al. (2009)
Social interaction with an emphasis on meeting new people	Chen et al. (2014); Hecht & Martin (2006); Larsen et al. (2011), Loker-Murphy (1997); Loker-Murphy and Pearce (1995), Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Murphy (2001), Oliveira-Brochado and Gameiro (2013); Paris and Teye (2010), Riley (1988)
Interacting with locals	Hsu et al. (2014); Loker-Murphy (1997), Paris and Teye (2010); Riley (1988)
The need to relax psychologically and mentally	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Paris and Teye (2010), Richards and Wilson (2004); Uriely et al. (2002)
Developing and strengthening relationships	Paris and Teye (2010), Pearce et al. (2009)
Associating with other travellers	Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Loker-Murphy (1997), Oliveira-Brochado and Gameiro (2013); Paris and Teye (2010)
Self-fulfilment needs
The pursuit of freedom, independence and open-mindedness	Brzózka (2012); Nok et al. (2017); Paris and Teye (2010), Pearce et al. (2009)
Realisation of the dream of a lifetime	Loker-Murphy (1997)
Looking to become different from others	Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Emphasis on the need to experience the local/foreign way of life	Chen et al. (2014); Hsu et al. (2014); Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Experiences that are only experienced once in a lifetime	Murphy (2001), Paris and Teye (2010)
Satisfying curiosity about new things	Hsu et al. (2014); Nok et al. (2017); Pearce et al. (2009)
Looking for nightlife fun and entertainment	Mikulic et al. (2016)
Escape and relaxation	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Loker-Murphy (1997); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Pearce et al. (2009)
Contact and knowledge of other cultures	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014); Hsu et al. (2014); Larsen et al. (2011), Loker-Murphy (1997); Loker-Murphy and Pearce (1995); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); O’Reilly (2006)
Search for authenticity	Gibson & Connell (2003)

Main motivations
Maslow's classification hierarchy	Sources
Psychological needs
Improving personal skills	Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Developing and updating personal skills	Chen et al. (2014); Hsu, Wang, & Huang (2014); Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Pearce et al. (2009)
Social interaction with an emphasis on meeting new people	Chen et al. (2014); Hecht & Martin (2006); Larsen et al. (2011), Loker-Murphy (1997); Loker-Murphy and Pearce (1995), Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Murphy (2001), Oliveira-Brochado and Gameiro (2013); Paris and Teye (2010), Riley (1988)
Interacting with locals	Hsu et al. (2014); Loker-Murphy (1997), Paris and Teye (2010); Riley (1988)
The need to relax psychologically and mentally	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Paris and Teye (2010), Richards and Wilson (2004); Uriely et al. (2002)
Developing and strengthening relationships	Paris and Teye (2010), Pearce et al. (2009)
Associating with other travellers	Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Loker-Murphy (1997), Oliveira-Brochado and Gameiro (2013); Paris and Teye (2010)
Self-fulfilment needs
The pursuit of freedom, independence and open-mindedness	Brzózka (2012); Nok et al. (2017); Paris and Teye (2010), Pearce et al. (2009)
Realisation of the dream of a lifetime	Loker-Murphy (1997)
Looking to become different from others	Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Maoz (2007); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Emphasis on the need to experience the local/foreign way of life	Chen et al. (2014); Hsu et al. (2014); Larsen et al. (2011); Mohsin & Ryan (2003)
Experiences that are only experienced once in a lifetime	Murphy (2001), Paris and Teye (2010)
Satisfying curiosity about new things	Hsu et al. (2014); Nok et al. (2017); Pearce et al. (2009)
Looking for nightlife fun and entertainment	Mikulic et al. (2016)
Escape and relaxation	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014), Larsen et al. (2011); Loker-Murphy (1997); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); Pearce et al. (2009)
Contact and knowledge of other cultures	Brzózka (2012); Chen et al. (2014); Hsu et al. (2014); Larsen et al. (2011), Loker-Murphy (1997); Loker-Murphy and Pearce (1995); Mohsin & Ryan (2003); O’Reilly (2006)
Search for authenticity	Gibson & Connell (2003)

Source: Author’s construction

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