Table 1 Variables included in the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Variables included in the analysis

Variable	Definition	Reference period	Source
Dependent variable
Tourist overnight stays	Total annual number of nights that tourists/guests have spent in tourist accommodation establishments (hotel or similar) divided by the total population	2010–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Independent variables
Sights and landmarks	Points of historical, cultural and or artistic interest, such as architectural buildings, religious sights, monuments and statues, churches and cathedrals, bridges, towers and fountains, amongst other things, divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Museums	Number of museums that are open to the public divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Cinema seats	Number of cinema seats in the city divided by the total population and then multiplied by 1,000	2011–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Concerts and shows	Number of theatres and other music venues (concert halls, clubs, etc.) and current shows divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Theatres	Number of theatres in the city divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2011–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Satisfaction with cultural facilities	Percentage of population that is very satisfied with cultural facilities in the city	2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Flash Eurobarometer 366 by TNS/EC (Survey on “Quality of life in cities”)
Passenger flights	Number of passenger flights per day, accessible within 90 min of travel by road, divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2013	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Potential road accessibility	Computed indicator based on road network data	2012	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Direct trains to other cities	Average hourly number of departures between 6:00 and 20:00 of direct trains to other cities/greater cities divided by the total population and then multiplied by one million	2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Tolerance of foreigners	Percentage of the population who very strongly agrees with the statement: “The presence of foreigners is good for this city”	2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Flash Eurobarometer 366 by TNS/EC (survey on “Quality of life in cities”)
Quality of governance	Computed indicator measuring the quality of government in three areas of public services: education, health care and law enforcement	2013	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Capital city	Binary variable = 1 if the city is a capital city, = 0 if not	n/a	Author’s own
GDP per capita	GDP per capita in purchasing power standard. A series of binary variables based on the following categories: =1 if >35,000, = 0 if not =1 if 30,000 – 35,000, = 0 if not =1 if 25,000 – 30,000, = 0 if not =1 if 20,000 – 25,000, = 0 if not =1 if < 20,000, = 0 if not	2013 and 2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Regional Statistics) and Urban Data Platform (UDP) based on Eurostat and LUISA Modelling Platform
Population	Population on 1 January. A series of binary variables based on the following categories: =1 if > 1 million, = 0 if not =1 if 500,000 – 1 million, = 0 if not =1 if 250,000 – 500,000, = 0 if not =1 if 100,000 – 250,000 = 0 if not =1 if 50,000 – 100,000 = 0 if not	2011–2015 and 2014–2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit) and Eurostat (Regional Statistics)

Variable	Definition	Referenceperiod	Source
Dependent variable
Tourist overnight stays	Total annual number of nights that tourists/guests have spent in tourist accommodation establishments (hotel or similar) divided by the total population	2010–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Independent variables
Sights and landmarks	Points of historical, cultural and or artistic interest, such as architectural buildings, religious sights, monuments and statues, churches and cathedrals, bridges, towers and fountains, amongst other things, divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Museums	Number of museums that are open to the public divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Cinema seats	Number of cinema seats in the city divided by the total population and then multiplied by 1,000	2011–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Concerts and shows	Number of theatres and other music venues (concert halls, clubs, etc.) and current shows divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2016	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from TripAdvisor
Theatres	Number of theatres in the city divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2011–2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit)
Satisfaction with cultural facilities	Percentage of population that is very satisfied with cultural facilities in the city	2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Flash Eurobarometer 366 by TNS/EC (Survey on “Quality of life in cities”)
Passenger flights	Number of passenger flights per day, accessible within 90 min of travel by road, divided by the total population and then multiplied by 100,000	2013	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Potential road accessibility	Computed indicator based on road network data	2012	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Direct trains to other cities	Average hourly number of departures between 6:00 and 20:00 of direct trains to other cities/greater cities divided by the total population and then multiplied by one million	2014	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Tolerance of foreigners	Percentage of the population who very strongly agrees with the statement: “The presence of foreigners is good for this city”	2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Flash Eurobarometer 366 by TNS/EC (survey on “Quality of life in cities”)
Quality of governance	Computed indicator measuring the quality of government in three areas of public services: education, health care and law enforcement	2013	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from DG REGIO
Capital city	Binary variable = 1 if the city is a capital city, = 0 if not	n/a	Author’s own
GDP per capita	GDP per capita in purchasing power standard. A series of binary variables based on the following categories:=1 if >35,000, = 0 if not=1 if 30,000 – 35,000, = 0 if not=1 if 25,000 – 30,000, = 0 if not=1 if 20,000 – 25,000, = 0 if not=1 if < 20,000, = 0 if not	2013 and 2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Regional Statistics) and Urban Data Platform (UDP) based on Eurostat and LUISA Modelling Platform
Population	Population on 1 January. A series of binary variables based on the following categories:=1 if > 1 million, = 0 if not=1 if 500,000 – 1 million, = 0 if not=1 if 250,000 – 500,000, = 0 if not=1 if 100,000 – 250,000 = 0 if not=1 if 50,000 – 100,000 = 0 if not	2011–2015 and 2014–2015	The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor 2017 – derived from Eurostat (Urban Audit) and Eurostat (Regional Statistics)

Source: European Commission (2017)