Composition of closed, hybrid and open innovation ecosystems
| Closed innovation ecosystem | Hybrid innovation ecosystem | Open innovation ecosystem | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relations | Contractually dependent or semi-independent firms | Semi-independent and independent firms | Independent firms |
| Orchestrator type | Hub firms | Hub firms or intermediaries | Intermediaries, e.g. business incubators and accelerators, venture associations |
| Orchestrator size | Large corporations (for profit) | Varying sizes | Varying sizes (including non-profit) |
| Member relations | Member firms, partners, supply chains | Member firms, partners, supply chains | Member firms |
| Member size | Varying sizes | Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) | Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) |
| End goal | Collective innovation goal | Innovation goal and independent business opportunities | Independent search and pursuit of business opportunities |
| Key references | Dhanaraj and Parkhe (2006) | Reypens et al. (2019), Paquin and Howard-Grenville (2013) | Dutt et al. (2016), Giudici et al. (2018) |
| Closed innovation ecosystem | Hybrid innovation ecosystem | Open innovation ecosystem | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relations | Contractually dependent or semi-independent firms | Semi-independent and independent firms | Independent firms |
| Orchestrator type | Hub firms | Hub firms or intermediaries | Intermediaries, e.g. business incubators and accelerators, venture associations |
| Orchestrator size | Large corporations (for profit) | Varying sizes | Varying sizes (including non-profit) |
| Member relations | Member firms, partners, supply chains | Member firms, partners, supply chains | Member firms |
| Member size | Varying sizes | Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) | Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) |
| End goal | Collective innovation goal | Innovation goal and independent business opportunities | Independent search and pursuit of business opportunities |
| Key references |