Table 1 Summary of studies on contact...

Table 1

Summary of studies on contact tracing mobile apps (CTMA) from the information systems (IS) field

Reference	Focus	Theory	Method	Findings
Bhattacharya and Ramos (2021)	Privacy and confidentiality related to CTMA	/	Qualitative study	CTMA should emphasize privacy protection and data confidentiality
Bitzer et al. (2021)	The algorithmic transparency of CTMA	Algorithmic transparency	Experiment	Algorithmic transparency disclosure is positively and significantly related to app selection, user comprehension and trust
Chan and Saqib (2021)	Unwillingness to download and use CTMA	/	Experiment	- COVID-19 concerns decrease intentions to download and use CTMA - Privacy concerns and social conservatism mediate the impact of COVID-19 concerns on intentions to download and use CTMA
Lin et al. (2021)	CTMA use intentions	- Diffusion of innovation theory - Privacy concerns	Survey	- Trust beliefs, compatibility and relative advantage positively affect citizens' adoption intentions - Privacy concerns negatively influence trusting beliefs and positively affect risk beliefs
Ojo and Rizun (2021)	CTMA use	UTAUT	Computational grounded theory	The top-five most prevalent topics are the need for tracing apps and mandatory use, tracing apps' launch supported by private-sector organizations, anonymity in reporting positive test results, a new business continuity tracker app for employee safety and apps for tracking symptoms
Riemer et al. (2020)	IT governance	- IT governance	Conceptual paper	The selection of approaches to IT governance is influenced by factors regarding health risks to the population, prior pandemic experience, societal culture and values, governments' role in societies and trust in governments and technologies
Rowe et al. (2020)	Failure in CTMA design and adoption	- Critical social theory	Critical research methodology	Alienation from the natural and social reality regarding the COVID-19 pandemic leads to inadequate app design and adoption failure
Walter Thiée et al. (2021)	CTMA use	UTAUT	Survey	- The factors influencing individuals' intentions concerning CTMA include ethical considerations, social influence, effort expectancy, popular opinions related to COVID-19 and CTMA - Users' behavioral intentions positively affect their actual app use
Trang et al. (2020)	CTMA acceptance	- App specifications	Experiment	- Convenience and privacy design positively influence mass acceptance, whereas self-benefit appeal and self-societal-benefit appeal decrease mass acceptance - Mass acceptance varies across groups
Urbaczewski and Lee (2020)	CTMA use	/	Difference in difference	- CTMA are highly and significantly associated with a decreased spread of COVID-19
Wagner et al. (2021)	Use intentions and continuance intentions	- Privacy calculus model - Herding heuristics	Longitudinal online survey	- Privacy risks negatively affect use intentions, while perceived benefits and imitating others positively influence use intentions - Updated benefits and imitating others positively affect continuance intentions

Reference	Focus	Theory	Method	Findings
Bhattacharya and Ramos (2021)	Privacy and confidentiality related to CTMA	/	Qualitative study	CTMA should emphasize privacy protection and data confidentiality
Bitzer et al. (2021)	The algorithmic transparency of CTMA	Algorithmic transparency	Experiment	Algorithmic transparency disclosure is positively and significantly related to app selection, user comprehension and trust
Chan and Saqib (2021)	Unwillingness to download and use CTMA	/	Experiment	- COVID-19 concerns decrease intentions to download and use CTMA - Privacy concerns and social conservatism mediate the impact of COVID-19 concerns on intentions to download and use CTMA
Lin et al. (2021)	CTMA use intentions	- Diffusion of innovation theory - Privacy concerns	Survey	- Trust beliefs, compatibility and relative advantage positively affect citizens' adoption intentions - Privacy concerns negatively influence trusting beliefs and positively affect risk beliefs
Ojo and Rizun (2021)	CTMA use	UTAUT	Computational grounded theory	The top-five most prevalent topics are the need for tracing apps and mandatory use, tracing apps' launch supported by private-sector organizations, anonymity in reporting positive test results, a new business continuity tracker app for employee safety and apps for tracking symptoms
Riemer et al. (2020)	IT governance	- IT governance	Conceptual paper	The selection of approaches to IT governance is influenced by factors regarding health risks to the population, prior pandemic experience, societal culture and values, governments' role in societies and trust in governments and technologies
Rowe et al. (2020)	Failure in CTMA design and adoption	- Critical social theory	Critical research methodology	Alienation from the natural and social reality regarding the COVID-19 pandemic leads to inadequate app design and adoption failure
Walter Thiée et al. (2021)	CTMA use	UTAUT	Survey	- The factors influencing individuals' intentions concerning CTMA include ethical considerations, social influence, effort expectancy, popular opinions related to COVID-19 and CTMA - Users' behavioral intentions positively affect their actual app use
Trang et al. (2020)	CTMA acceptance	- App specifications	Experiment	- Convenience and privacy design positively influence mass acceptance, whereas self-benefit appeal and self-societal-benefit appeal decrease mass acceptance - Mass acceptance varies across groups
Urbaczewski and Lee (2020)	CTMA use	/	Difference in difference	- CTMA are highly and significantly associated with a decreased spread of COVID-19
Wagner et al. (2021)	Use intentions and continuance intentions	- Privacy calculus model - Herding heuristics	Longitudinal online survey	- Privacy risks negatively affect use intentions, while perceived benefits and imitating others positively influence use intentions - Updated benefits and imitating others positively affect continuance intentions

Note(s): IT = information technology; CTMA = contact tracing mobile apps; UTAUT = unified theory of acceptance and use of technology;/= no theory applied

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