Table 2 Constructs, measurement items...

Table 2

Constructs, measurement items and reliability and validity tests

Item description	Standardized factor loadings
International inbound practices (CA = 0.89; CR = 0.90; AVE = 0.70)
Actively seek out international alliance partners (e.g. customers, competitors, suppliers, consultants, etc.) for knowledge and technology when developing innovations	0.89
Believe it is good to use international alliance partners (e.g. customers, competitors, suppliers, consultants, etc.) to complement our own R&D	0.86
Often bring in knowledge and technology developed by international alliance partner to use in combination our own R&D	0.87
Purchase intellectual property from international alliance partners to use in our own R&D	0.73
International outbound practices (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.91; AVE = 0.77)
Sells novel information and knowledge to international alliance partners	0.83
Offers royalty agreements to other international alliance partners to better benefit from our innovation efforts	0.94
Strengthens every possible use of our own intellectual properties to better benefit our firm*	–
Founds spin-offs to better benefit from our innovation efforts	0.86
Cross-cultural competencies (CA = 0.90; CR = 0.89; AVE = 0.62)
Aware of the legal and economic systems of other countries	0.78
Conscious of the cultural knowledge in cross-cultural interactions	0.79
Evaluate the work of others in a culturally neutral way	0.83
Inspire information sharing among individuals who do not know each other and who may represent different cultures	0.82
Adapt our working style to suit different cross-cultural expectations	0.73
Digital alliance management
Alliance bonding (CA = 0.90; CR = 0.90; AVE = 0.75) The use of ICT to
Signal readiness for discussion to our international alliance partners	0.85
Conduct even-handed negotiations with our international alliance partners	0.89
Show care about concerns of international alliance partners	0.85
Alliance coordination (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.91; AVE = 0.78) The use of ICT to
Maintain discussion forums with international alliance partners	0.92
Coordinate innovation plans with international alliance partners	0.86
Coordinate inventory levels with international alliance partners	0.87
Alliance communication (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.92; AVE = 0.74) The use of ICT to
To instantly link certain customer needs to our international alliance partners	0.79
To exchange knowledge and information with international alliance partners	0.87
To inform international alliance partners about our market positioning	0.96
To make international alliance partners understand our service and product offering	0.80
International market success (CA = 0.92; CR = 0.92; AVE = 0.69)
Profitability goals	0.82
Sales growth	0.84
Market share growth	0.91
Introduction of new products	0.81
Contribution of new products to profits	0.75
Fit statistics
χ²/df	1.13
CFI	0.99
NFI	0.94
RMSEA	0.02
SRMR	0.04

Item description	Standardized factor loadings
International inbound practices (CA = 0.89; CR = 0.90; AVE = 0.70)
Actively seek out international alliance partners (e.g. customers, competitors, suppliers, consultants, etc.) for knowledge and technology when developing innovations	0.89
Believe it is good to use international alliance partners (e.g. customers, competitors, suppliers, consultants, etc.) to complement our own R&D	0.86
Often bring in knowledge and technology developed by international alliance partner to use in combination our own R&D	0.87
Purchase intellectual property from international alliance partners to use in our own R&D	0.73
International outbound practices (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.91; AVE = 0.77)
Sells novel information and knowledge to international alliance partners	0.83
Offers royalty agreements to other international alliance partners to better benefit from our innovation efforts	0.94
Strengthens every possible use of our own intellectual properties to better benefit our firm*	–
Founds spin-offs to better benefit from our innovation efforts	0.86
Cross-cultural competencies (CA = 0.90; CR = 0.89; AVE = 0.62)
Aware of the legal and economic systems of other countries	0.78
Conscious of the cultural knowledge in cross-cultural interactions	0.79
Evaluate the work of others in a culturally neutral way	0.83
Inspire information sharing among individuals who do not know each other and who may represent different cultures	0.82
Adapt our working style to suit different cross-cultural expectations	0.73
Digital alliance management
Alliance bonding (CA = 0.90; CR = 0.90; AVE = 0.75)The use of ICT to
Signal readiness for discussion to our international alliance partners	0.85
Conduct even-handed negotiations with our international alliance partners	0.89
Show care about concerns of international alliance partners	0.85
Alliance coordination (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.91; AVE = 0.78)The use of ICT to
Maintain discussion forums with international alliance partners	0.92
Coordinate innovation plans with international alliance partners	0.86
Coordinate inventory levels with international alliance partners	0.87
Alliance communication (CA = 0.91; CR = 0.92; AVE = 0.74)The use of ICT to
To instantly link certain customer needs to our international alliance partners	0.79
To exchange knowledge and information with international alliance partners	0.87
To inform international alliance partners about our market positioning	0.96
To make international alliance partners understand our service and product offering	0.80
International market success (CA = 0.92; CR = 0.92; AVE = 0.69)
Profitability goals	0.82
Sales growth	0.84
Market share growth	0.91
Introduction of new products	0.81
Contribution of new products to profits	0.75
Fit statistics
χ²/df	1.13
CFI	0.99
NFI	0.94
RMSEA	0.02
SRMR	0.04

Note(s): *Deleted due to poor factor loading

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