Table 3 Descriptive statistics and...

Table 3

Descriptive statistics and correlations

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Firm size^‡	1.86	0.37	1
2. Firm age^‡	0.99	0.33	0.13	1
3. Industry^†	1.52	0.50	−0.04	0.03	1
4. R&D intensity	0.21	0.33	−0.36^***	0.06	0.13⁺	1
5. Inbound innovation	5.27	1.23	−0.02	0.03	0.02	−0.01	0.84
6. Outbound innovation	5.18	1.32	0.03	−0.04	0.01	0.00	0.25^***	0.88
7. Cross-cultural competencies	5.48	1.15	0.04	−0.10	−0.02	−0.02	0.38^***	0.36^***	0.79
8. Alliance bonding	4.84	1.57	0.07	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.15^*	0.18^**	0.25^***	0.86
9. Alliance coordination	4.81	1.60	0.08	−0.04	−0.09	0.05	0.21^**	0.12⁺	0.22^**	0.09	0.88
10. Alliance communication	4.76	1.44	−0.01	−0.02	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.20^**	0.18^**	0.20^**	0.10	0.86
11. International market success	4.89	1.30	0.10⁺	0.15^*	−0.146^*	0.00	0.26^***	0.13⁺	0.26^***	0.09	0.27^***	0.07	0.83

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Firm size^‡	1.86	0.37	1
2. Firm age^‡	0.99	0.33	0.13	1
3. Industry^†	1.52	0.50	−0.04	0.03	1
4. R&D intensity	0.21	0.33	−0.36^***	0.06	0.13⁺	1
5. Inbound innovation	5.27	1.23	−0.02	0.03	0.02	−0.01	0.84
6. Outbound innovation	5.18	1.32	0.03	−0.04	0.01	0.00	0.25^***	0.88
7. Cross-cultural competencies	5.48	1.15	0.04	−0.10	−0.02	−0.02	0.38^***	0.36^***	0.79
8. Alliance bonding	4.84	1.57	0.07	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.15^*	0.18^**	0.25^***	0.86
9. Alliance coordination	4.81	1.60	0.08	−0.04	−0.09	0.05	0.21^**	0.12⁺	0.22^**	0.09	0.88
10. Alliance communication	4.76	1.44	−0.01	−0.02	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.20^**	0.18^**	0.20^**	0.10	0.86
11. International market success	4.89	1.30	0.10⁺	0.15^*	−0.146^*	0.00	0.26^***	0.13⁺	0.26^***	0.09	0.27^***	0.07	0.83

Note(s): ‡ = natural logarithm transformation of original values; † = dummy variable; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; Square-root of AVE in italics on the diagonal; significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 and ⁺p < 0.10

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