Literature review of problematic IT use
| Proximal and distal factors | Context | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article | Technology | Type | Antecedents (+positively associated, – negatively associated) | Proximal | Distal | Outcomes | Non-work | Organizational |
| Anderson et al. (2017) | Internet | Review of 29 articles | Individual, contextual and activity-related factors | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – |
| Bianchi and Phillips (2005) | Mobile | Empirical | Extraversion (+), low self-esteem (+) | – | – | Problematic mobile use symptoms | X | |
| Billieux et al. (2008) | Mobile | Empirical | Urgency (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Billieux et al. (2015) | Mobile | Theoretical | Low self-esteem (+), anxiety (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – |
| Buckner et al. (2012) | Internet | Empirical | Conscientiousness (−) | – | – | Excessive IT use | X | |
| Caplan (2003) | Internet | Theoretical and empirical | Preference for online social interaction (+) | – | – | Cognitive and behavioural symptoms | X | |
| Davis et al. (2002) | Internet | Empirical | Procrastination (+), impulsivity (+), social rejection (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Elhai et al. (2017) | Mobile | Review of 23 articles | Depression severity most common determinant | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – |
| Elhai et al. (2020) | Mobile | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+), Process use (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Han et al. (2017) | Internet | Empirical | Network-related maladaptive cognition (+) | X | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Hussain et al. (2017) | Mobile | Empirical | Conscientiousness (+), emotional stability (+), age (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Kim and Davis (2009) | Internet | Empirical | Low self-esteem (+), anxiety (+), 7-positive activities (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Lee et al. (2012) | Empirical | Deficient self-regulation (+) | – | – | Generalized problematic Internet use symptoms | X | ||
| Li et al. (2010) | Internet | Empirical | Temperamental effortful control (+), sensation seeking (ns), maladaptive cognitions (+) | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Marino et al. (2018) | Review of 56 articles | Self-esteem (−), personality factors and gender | – | – | Problematic Facebook use | – | – | |
| Rozgonjuk et al. (2019b) | Mobile | Empirical | Social smartphone use (+), non-social smartphone use (+), intolerance of uncertainty (via mediation) | – | – | Problematic smartphone use | X | |
| Rozgonjuk et al. (2020) | Social media | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+) | – | – | Problematic social media use | X | X |
| Shi et al. (2011) | Internet | Empirical | Internet self-efficacy (+), sensation seeking (+), need for cognition (−) | – | – | Problematic Internet use symptoms | X | |
| Spada (2014) | Internet | Review | Genetic, personality and individual differences common determinants | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – |
| Teo et al. (2017) | Internet | Empirical | Maladaptive cognitions (+) | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Thatcher et al. (2008) | Internet | Empirical | Interactive features (+), online procrastination (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | Xa | |
| Turel and Qahri-Saremi (2016) | Empirical | Cognitive-emotional preoccupation (+), cognitive-behavioural control (−) | – | – | Problematic Facebook use | X | ||
| Weinstein and Lejoyeux (2010) | Internet | Review | Low self-control, sensation seeking | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Wolniewicz et al. (2018) | Smartphone | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+), fear of evaluation (+), negative affect (+) | – | – | Problematic smartphone use | X | |
| Yellowlees and Marks (2007) | Internet | Review | History of impulse control (+), psychopathological disorders (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – |
| Zhang et al. (2015) | Internet | Theoretical and empirical | Effortful control (−), sensation seeking (+), anger/frustration (+), maladaptive cognitions mediating | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | |
| Proximal and distal factors | Context | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Article | Technology | Type | Antecedents (+positively associated, – negatively associated) | Proximal | Distal | Outcomes | Non-work | Organizational |
| Internet | Review of 29 articles | Individual, contextual and activity-related factors | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – | |
| Mobile | Empirical | Extraversion (+), low self-esteem (+) | – | – | Problematic mobile use symptoms | X | ||
| Mobile | Empirical | Urgency (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Mobile | Theoretical | Low self-esteem (+), anxiety (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – | |
| Internet | Empirical | Conscientiousness (−) | – | – | Excessive IT use | X | ||
| Internet | Theoretical and empirical | Preference for online social interaction (+) | – | – | Cognitive and behavioural symptoms | X | ||
| Internet | Empirical | Procrastination (+), impulsivity (+), social rejection (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Mobile | Review of 23 articles | Depression severity most common determinant | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – | |
| Mobile | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+), Process use (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Internet | Empirical | Network-related maladaptive cognition (+) | X | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Mobile | Empirical | Conscientiousness (+), emotional stability (+), age (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Internet | Empirical | Low self-esteem (+), anxiety (+), | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Empirical | Deficient self-regulation (+) | – | – | Generalized problematic Internet use symptoms | X | |||
| Internet | Empirical | Temperamental effortful control (+), sensation seeking (ns), maladaptive cognitions (+) | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Review of 56 articles | Self-esteem (−), personality factors and gender | – | – | Problematic Facebook use | – | – | ||
| Mobile | Empirical | Social smartphone use (+), non-social smartphone use (+), intolerance of uncertainty (via mediation) | – | – | Problematic smartphone use | X | ||
| Social media | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+) | – | – | Problematic social media use | X | X | |
| Internet | Empirical | Internet self-efficacy (+), sensation seeking (+), need for cognition (−) | – | – | Problematic Internet use symptoms | X | ||
| Internet | Review | Genetic, personality and individual differences common determinants | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – | |
| Internet | Empirical | Maladaptive cognitions (+) | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Internet | Empirical | Interactive features (+), online procrastination (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | Xa | ||
| Empirical | Cognitive-emotional preoccupation (+), cognitive-behavioural control (−) | – | – | Problematic Facebook use | X | |||
| Internet | Review | Low self-control, sensation seeking | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
| Smartphone | Empirical | Fear of missing out (+), fear of evaluation (+), negative affect (+) | – | – | Problematic smartphone use | X | ||
| Internet | Review | History of impulse control (+), psychopathological disorders (+) | – | – | Problematic IT use symptoms | – | – | |
| Internet | Theoretical and empirical | Effortful control (−), sensation seeking (+), anger/frustration (+), maladaptive cognitions mediating | X | X | Problematic IT use symptoms | X | ||
Note(s): aNon-work-related Internet use in organizations