Item means, standard deviations (SD), loadings and significance levels
| Construct | Item | Mean | SD | Loading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social overload Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.55 VIF: 1.63 | I take too much care of my friends' wellbeing on SNS | 3.82 | 1.42 | 0.76 |
| I deal with my friends' problems too much on SNS | 3.13 | 1.60 | 0.77 | |
| My sense of being responsible for how much fun my friends have on SNS is too strong | 2.96 | 1.56 | 0.73 | |
| I am too often caring for my friends on SNS | 3.27 | 1.47 | 0.81 | |
| I pay too much attention to posts of my friends on SNS | 3.92 | 1.67 | 0.70 | |
| I congratulate SNS friends as a consequence of a birthday reminder, although I would not congratulate them in real life | 2.78 | 1.80 | 0.79 | |
| Disclosure Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.87 AVE: 0.62 VIF: 1.69 | There is more information on SNS than I can digest | 5.54 | 1.52 | 0.74 |
| I receive too much information on SNS | 4.87 | 1.64 | 0.86 | |
| The information on SNS overextends me | 4.09 | 1.61 | 0.79 | |
| It is difficult for me to focus on the essential information on SNS | 4.05 | 1.56 | 0.75 | |
| Pattern Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.85 AVE: 0.73 VIF: 1.49 | Through SNS, I am forced to inform friends about news prompts | 3.24 | 1.61 | 0.77 |
| Through SNS, I am forced to communicate with friends periodically | 4.02 | 1.74 | 0.88 | |
| I am forced to adapt my communication patterns to SNS | 4.46 | 1.62 | 0.83 | |
| Complexity Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.83 AVE: 0.55 VIF: 1.74 | I need a long time to understand and use SNS | 2.22 | 1.19 | 0.71 |
| I do not find enough time to upgrade my technology skills to use SNS | 2.60 | 1.56 | 0.79 | |
| I do not know enough about SNS to use it satisfactorily | 2.26 | 1.38 | 0.78 | |
| I often find SNS too complex to use | 1.85 | 1.03 | 0.73 | |
| Uncertainty Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.68 VIF: 1.70 | There are always new terms and conditions on SNS | 5.09 | 1.02 | 0.70 |
| SNS apps are constantly being changed | 5.71 | 1.19 | 0.90 | |
| Overall, SNS is constantly being changed | 5.97 | 1.10 | 0.87 | |
| Invasion Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.67 VIF: 1.56 | I am in touch with my SNS friends too much over SNS, even during my vacation | 5.03 | 1.83 | 0.80 |
| I sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to use SNS | 4.09 | 1.07 | 0.84 | |
| I feel my personal life is being invaded by SNS | 4.21 | 1.85 | 0.81 | |
| Deficient SNS self-control Adapted from LaRose et al. (2003) CR: 0.83 AVE: 0.52 VIF: 1.37 | I have a hard time keeping my SNS use under control | 4.09 | 1.62 | 0.71 |
| I have to keep using the SNS more and more to get my thrill | 3.34 | 1.45 | 0.73 | |
| I get tense, moody or irritable if I cannot get on SNS when I want | 3.25 | 1.61 | 0.57* | |
| I have tried unsuccessfully to cut down on the amount of time I spend on SNS | 3.77 | 1.71 | 0.58* | |
| I sometimes try to conceal how much time I spend on SNS from my family or friends | 3.30 | 1.86 | 0.71 | |
| I would go out of my way to satisfy my SNS urges | 2.76 | 1.42 | 0.76 | |
| I feel my SNS use is out of control | 2.88 | 1.53 | 0.80 | |
| Academic SNS use Taken from Chang et al. (2019) CR: 0.82 AVE: 0.61 VIF: 2.12 | Using SNS for academic purposes is part of my everyday activity | 4.38 | 1.83 | 0.75 |
| I feel out of touch when I have not logged onto academic-related content on SNS | 4.23 | 1.84 | 0.83 | |
| I use SNS frequently to access external materials that can support my academic learning | 4.17 | 1.71 | 0.71 | |
| Using SNS for performing academic tasks has become my daily routine | 3.92 | 1.78 | 0.85 | |
| My motivation to achieve better academic performance attracts me to use SNS for academic purpose | 3.57 | 1.69 | 0.74 | |
| Student vitality Taken from Bostic et al. (2000) and Ryan and Frederick (1997) CR: 0.91 AVE: 0.63 VIF: 2.25 | I feel alive and vital | 5.02 | 1.38 | 0.78 |
| Sometimes I feel so alive I just want to burst | 3.74 | 1.68 | 0.62 | |
| I have energy and spirit | 4.85 | 1.49 | 0.88 | |
| I look forward to each new day | 4.82 | 1.39 | 0.80 | |
| I nearly always feel alert and awake | 3.70 | 1.38 | 0.81 | |
| I feel energized | 4.08 | 1.42 | 0.84 | |
| Satisfaction with academic life Adapted from Diener et al. (1985) CR: 0.89 AVE: 0.62 VIF: 1.64 | In most ways my academic life is close to my ideal | 3.81 | 1.43 | 0.84 |
| The conditions of my academic life are excellent | 4.12 | 1.49 | 0.83 | |
| I am satisfied with my academic life | 4.32 | 1.40 | 0.92 | |
| So far I have gotten the important things I want in my academic life | 4.30 | 1.48 | 0.73 | |
| If I could live my academic life over, I would change almost nothing | 3.83 | 1.42 | 0.71 | |
| Study performance Taken from Whelan et al. (2020) CR: 0.90 AVE: 0.61 VIF: 1.97 | Quantity of study | 2.27 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
| Quality of study | 2.49 | 0.98 | 0.90 | |
| Accuracy of study | 2.63 | 1.02 | 0.86 | |
| Career development Taken from Whelan et al. (2020) CR: 0.93 AVE: 0.82 VIF: 2.76 | Obtaining personal career goals | 2.46 | 1.02 | 0.90 |
| Developing skills needed for your future career | 2.39 | 1.07 | 0.91 | |
| Making progress in your career | 2.43 | 1.06 | 0.91 |
| Construct | Item | Mean | SD | Loading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I take too much care of my friends' wellbeing on SNS | 3.82 | 1.42 | 0.76 | |
| I deal with my friends' problems too much on SNS | 3.13 | 1.60 | 0.77 | |
| My sense of being responsible for how much fun my friends have on SNS is too strong | 2.96 | 1.56 | 0.73 | |
| I am too often caring for my friends on SNS | 3.27 | 1.47 | 0.81 | |
| I pay too much attention to posts of my friends on SNS | 3.92 | 1.67 | 0.70 | |
| I congratulate SNS friends as a consequence of a birthday reminder, although I would not congratulate them in real life | 2.78 | 1.80 | 0.79 | |
| There is more information on SNS than I can digest | 5.54 | 1.52 | 0.74 | |
| I receive too much information on SNS | 4.87 | 1.64 | 0.86 | |
| The information on SNS overextends me | 4.09 | 1.61 | 0.79 | |
| It is difficult for me to focus on the essential information on SNS | 4.05 | 1.56 | 0.75 | |
| Through SNS, I am forced to inform friends about news prompts | 3.24 | 1.61 | 0.77 | |
| Through SNS, I am forced to communicate with friends periodically | 4.02 | 1.74 | 0.88 | |
| I am forced to adapt my communication patterns to SNS | 4.46 | 1.62 | 0.83 | |
| I need a long time to understand and use SNS | 2.22 | 1.19 | 0.71 | |
| I do not find enough time to upgrade my technology skills to use SNS | 2.60 | 1.56 | 0.79 | |
| I do not know enough about SNS to use it satisfactorily | 2.26 | 1.38 | 0.78 | |
| I often find SNS too complex to use | 1.85 | 1.03 | 0.73 | |
| There are always new terms and conditions on SNS | 5.09 | 1.02 | 0.70 | |
| SNS apps are constantly being changed | 5.71 | 1.19 | 0.90 | |
| Overall, SNS is constantly being changed | 5.97 | 1.10 | 0.87 | |
| I am in touch with my SNS friends too much over SNS, even during my vacation | 5.03 | 1.83 | 0.80 | |
| I sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to use SNS | 4.09 | 1.07 | 0.84 | |
| I feel my personal life is being invaded by SNS | 4.21 | 1.85 | 0.81 | |
| I have a hard time keeping my SNS use under control | 4.09 | 1.62 | 0.71 | |
| I have to keep using the SNS more and more to get my thrill | 3.34 | 1.45 | 0.73 | |
| I sometimes try to conceal how much time I spend on SNS from my family or friends | 3.30 | 1.86 | 0.71 | |
| I would go out of my way to satisfy my SNS urges | 2.76 | 1.42 | 0.76 | |
| I feel my SNS use is out of control | 2.88 | 1.53 | 0.80 | |
| Using SNS for academic purposes is part of my everyday activity | 4.38 | 1.83 | 0.75 | |
| I feel out of touch when I have not logged onto academic-related content on SNS | 4.23 | 1.84 | 0.83 | |
| I use SNS frequently to access external materials that can support my academic learning | 4.17 | 1.71 | 0.71 | |
| Using SNS for performing academic tasks has become my daily routine | 3.92 | 1.78 | 0.85 | |
| My motivation to achieve better academic performance attracts me to use SNS for academic purpose | 3.57 | 1.69 | 0.74 | |
| I feel alive and vital | 5.02 | 1.38 | 0.78 | |
| Sometimes I feel so alive I just want to burst | 3.74 | 1.68 | 0.62 | |
| I have energy and spirit | 4.85 | 1.49 | 0.88 | |
| I look forward to each new day | 4.82 | 1.39 | 0.80 | |
| I nearly always feel alert and awake | 3.70 | 1.38 | 0.81 | |
| I feel energized | 4.08 | 1.42 | 0.84 | |
| In most ways my academic life is close to my ideal | 3.81 | 1.43 | 0.84 | |
| The conditions of my academic life are excellent | 4.12 | 1.49 | 0.83 | |
| I am satisfied with my academic life | 4.32 | 1.40 | 0.92 | |
| So far I have gotten the important things I want in my academic life | 4.30 | 1.48 | 0.73 | |
| If I could live my academic life over, I would change almost nothing | 3.83 | 1.42 | 0.71 | |
| Quantity of study | 2.27 | 0.99 | 0.78 | |
| Quality of study | 2.49 | 0.98 | 0.90 | |
| Accuracy of study | 2.63 | 1.02 | 0.86 | |
| Obtaining personal career goals | 2.46 | 1.02 | 0.90 | |
| Developing skills needed for your future career | 2.39 | 1.07 | 0.91 | |
| Making progress in your career | 2.43 | 1.06 | 0.91 |
Note(s): AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability; SD, standard deviation; SNS, social networking sites; VIF, variance inflation factor; * Items were removed due to loadings less than 0.70 and where inclusion resulted in AVE falling below 0.50