Table A1 Item means, standard deviations...

Table A1

Item means, standard deviations (SD), loadings and significance levels

Construct	Item	Mean	SD	Loading
Social overload Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.55 VIF: 1.63	I take too much care of my friends' wellbeing on SNS	3.82	1.42	0.76
	I deal with my friends' problems too much on SNS	3.13	1.60	0.77
	My sense of being responsible for how much fun my friends have on SNS is too strong	2.96	1.56	0.73
	I am too often caring for my friends on SNS	3.27	1.47	0.81
	I pay too much attention to posts of my friends on SNS	3.92	1.67	0.70
	I congratulate SNS friends as a consequence of a birthday reminder, although I would not congratulate them in real life	2.78	1.80	0.79
Disclosure Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.87 AVE: 0.62 VIF: 1.69	There is more information on SNS than I can digest	5.54	1.52	0.74
	I receive too much information on SNS	4.87	1.64	0.86
	The information on SNS overextends me	4.09	1.61	0.79
	It is difficult for me to focus on the essential information on SNS	4.05	1.56	0.75
Pattern Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.85 AVE: 0.73 VIF: 1.49	Through SNS, I am forced to inform friends about news prompts	3.24	1.61	0.77
	Through SNS, I am forced to communicate with friends periodically	4.02	1.74	0.88
	I am forced to adapt my communication patterns to SNS	4.46	1.62	0.83
Complexity Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.83 AVE: 0.55 VIF: 1.74	I need a long time to understand and use SNS	2.22	1.19	0.71
	I do not find enough time to upgrade my technology skills to use SNS	2.60	1.56	0.79
	I do not know enough about SNS to use it satisfactorily	2.26	1.38	0.78
	I often find SNS too complex to use	1.85	1.03	0.73
Uncertainty Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.68 VIF: 1.70	There are always new terms and conditions on SNS	5.09	1.02	0.70
	SNS apps are constantly being changed	5.71	1.19	0.90
	Overall, SNS is constantly being changed	5.97	1.10	0.87
Invasion Adapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015) CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.67 VIF: 1.56	I am in touch with my SNS friends too much over SNS, even during my vacation	5.03	1.83	0.80
	I sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to use SNS	4.09	1.07	0.84
	I feel my personal life is being invaded by SNS	4.21	1.85	0.81
Deficient SNS self-control Adapted from LaRose et al. (2003) CR: 0.83 AVE: 0.52 VIF: 1.37	I have a hard time keeping my SNS use under control	4.09	1.62	0.71
	I have to keep using the SNS more and more to get my thrill	3.34	1.45	0.73
	I get tense, moody or irritable if I cannot get on SNS when I want	3.25	1.61	0.57*
	I have tried unsuccessfully to cut down on the amount of time I spend on SNS	3.77	1.71	0.58*
	I sometimes try to conceal how much time I spend on SNS from my family or friends	3.30	1.86	0.71
	I would go out of my way to satisfy my SNS urges	2.76	1.42	0.76
	I feel my SNS use is out of control	2.88	1.53	0.80
Academic SNS use Taken from Chang et al. (2019) CR: 0.82 AVE: 0.61 VIF: 2.12	Using SNS for academic purposes is part of my everyday activity	4.38	1.83	0.75
	I feel out of touch when I have not logged onto academic-related content on SNS	4.23	1.84	0.83
	I use SNS frequently to access external materials that can support my academic learning	4.17	1.71	0.71
	Using SNS for performing academic tasks has become my daily routine	3.92	1.78	0.85
	My motivation to achieve better academic performance attracts me to use SNS for academic purpose	3.57	1.69	0.74
Student vitality Taken from Bostic et al. (2000) and Ryan and Frederick (1997) CR: 0.91 AVE: 0.63 VIF: 2.25	I feel alive and vital	5.02	1.38	0.78
	Sometimes I feel so alive I just want to burst	3.74	1.68	0.62
	I have energy and spirit	4.85	1.49	0.88
	I look forward to each new day	4.82	1.39	0.80
	I nearly always feel alert and awake	3.70	1.38	0.81
	I feel energized	4.08	1.42	0.84
Satisfaction with academic life Adapted from Diener et al. (1985) CR: 0.89 AVE: 0.62 VIF: 1.64	In most ways my academic life is close to my ideal	3.81	1.43	0.84
	The conditions of my academic life are excellent	4.12	1.49	0.83
	I am satisfied with my academic life	4.32	1.40	0.92
	So far I have gotten the important things I want in my academic life	4.30	1.48	0.73
	If I could live my academic life over, I would change almost nothing	3.83	1.42	0.71
Study performance Taken from Whelan et al. (2020) CR: 0.90 AVE: 0.61 VIF: 1.97	Quantity of study	2.27	0.99	0.78
	Quality of study	2.49	0.98	0.90
	Accuracy of study	2.63	1.02	0.86
Career development Taken from Whelan et al. (2020) CR: 0.93 AVE: 0.82 VIF: 2.76	Obtaining personal career goals	2.46	1.02	0.90
	Developing skills needed for your future career	2.39	1.07	0.91
	Making progress in your career	2.43	1.06	0.91

Construct	Item	Mean	SD	Loading
Social overloadAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.86AVE: 0.55VIF: 1.63	I take too much care of my friends' wellbeing on SNS	3.82	1.42	0.76
	I deal with my friends' problems too much on SNS	3.13	1.60	0.77
	My sense of being responsible for how much fun my friends have on SNS is too strong	2.96	1.56	0.73
	I am too often caring for my friends on SNS	3.27	1.47	0.81
	I pay too much attention to posts of my friends on SNS	3.92	1.67	0.70
	I congratulate SNS friends as a consequence of a birthday reminder, although I would not congratulate them in real life	2.78	1.80	0.79
DisclosureAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.87AVE: 0.62VIF: 1.69	There is more information on SNS than I can digest	5.54	1.52	0.74
	I receive too much information on SNS	4.87	1.64	0.86
	The information on SNS overextends me	4.09	1.61	0.79
	It is difficult for me to focus on the essential information on SNS	4.05	1.56	0.75
PatternAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.85AVE: 0.73VIF: 1.49	Through SNS, I am forced to inform friends about news prompts	3.24	1.61	0.77
	Through SNS, I am forced to communicate with friends periodically	4.02	1.74	0.88
	I am forced to adapt my communication patterns to SNS	4.46	1.62	0.83
ComplexityAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.83AVE: 0.55VIF: 1.74	I need a long time to understand and use SNS	2.22	1.19	0.71
	I do not find enough time to upgrade my technology skills to use SNS	2.60	1.56	0.79
	I do not know enough about SNS to use it satisfactorily	2.26	1.38	0.78
	I often find SNS too complex to use	1.85	1.03	0.73
UncertaintyAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.86AVE: 0.68VIF: 1.70	There are always new terms and conditions on SNS	5.09	1.02	0.70
	SNS apps are constantly being changed	5.71	1.19	0.90
	Overall, SNS is constantly being changed	5.97	1.10	0.87
InvasionAdapted from Tarafdar et al. (2020) and Maier et al. (2015)CR: 0.86AVE: 0.67VIF: 1.56	I am in touch with my SNS friends too much over SNS, even during my vacation	5.03	1.83	0.80
	I sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to use SNS	4.09	1.07	0.84
	I feel my personal life is being invaded by SNS	4.21	1.85	0.81
Deficient SNS self-controlAdapted from LaRose et al. (2003)CR: 0.83AVE: 0.52VIF: 1.37	I have a hard time keeping my SNS use under control	4.09	1.62	0.71
	I have to keep using the SNS more and more to get my thrill	3.34	1.45	0.73
	I get tense, moody or irritable if I cannot get on SNS when I want	3.25	1.61	0.57*
	I have tried unsuccessfully to cut down on the amount of time I spend on SNS	3.77	1.71	0.58*
	I sometimes try to conceal how much time I spend on SNS from my family or friends	3.30	1.86	0.71
	I would go out of my way to satisfy my SNS urges	2.76	1.42	0.76
	I feel my SNS use is out of control	2.88	1.53	0.80
Academic SNS useTaken from Chang et al. (2019)CR: 0.82AVE: 0.61VIF: 2.12	Using SNS for academic purposes is part of my everyday activity	4.38	1.83	0.75
	I feel out of touch when I have not logged onto academic-related content on SNS	4.23	1.84	0.83
	I use SNS frequently to access external materials that can support my academic learning	4.17	1.71	0.71
	Using SNS for performing academic tasks has become my daily routine	3.92	1.78	0.85
	My motivation to achieve better academic performance attracts me to use SNS for academic purpose	3.57	1.69	0.74
Student vitalityTaken from Bostic et al. (2000) and Ryan and Frederick (1997)CR: 0.91AVE: 0.63VIF: 2.25	I feel alive and vital	5.02	1.38	0.78
	Sometimes I feel so alive I just want to burst	3.74	1.68	0.62
	I have energy and spirit	4.85	1.49	0.88
	I look forward to each new day	4.82	1.39	0.80
	I nearly always feel alert and awake	3.70	1.38	0.81
	I feel energized	4.08	1.42	0.84
Satisfaction with academic lifeAdapted from Diener et al. (1985)CR: 0.89AVE: 0.62VIF: 1.64	In most ways my academic life is close to my ideal	3.81	1.43	0.84
	The conditions of my academic life are excellent	4.12	1.49	0.83
	I am satisfied with my academic life	4.32	1.40	0.92
	So far I have gotten the important things I want in my academic life	4.30	1.48	0.73
	If I could live my academic life over, I would change almost nothing	3.83	1.42	0.71
Study performanceTaken from Whelan et al. (2020)CR: 0.90AVE: 0.61VIF: 1.97	Quantity of study	2.27	0.99	0.78
	Quality of study	2.49	0.98	0.90
	Accuracy of study	2.63	1.02	0.86
Career developmentTaken from Whelan et al. (2020)CR: 0.93AVE: 0.82VIF: 2.76	Obtaining personal career goals	2.46	1.02	0.90
	Developing skills needed for your future career	2.39	1.07	0.91
	Making progress in your career	2.43	1.06	0.91

Note(s): AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability; SD, standard deviation; SNS, social networking sites; VIF, variance inflation factor; * Items were removed due to loadings less than 0.70 and where inclusion resulted in AVE falling below 0.50

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