Table 1 Sample characteristics Category...

Table 1

Sample characteristics

Category	Variable	N	%
Analytical sample size		5,084	100.00
*Categorical variables*
Child and family controls	Child sex
	Male	2,478	48.74
	Female	2,606	51.26
	Family social class
	Managerial or professional	2,970	58.42
	Other	2,114	41.58
Parent characteristics	Single parent
	Yes	577	11.35
	No	4,507	88.65
	Employed
	Yes	3,323	65.36
	No	1,761	34.64
	Depressed
	Yes	268	5.27
	No	4,816	94.73
	Educational attainment
	Lower-secondary	482	9.48
	Higher-secondary	1,552	30.53
	Non-degree	1,332	26.20
	College	1,718	33.79
	Age
	<40	856	16.84
	40–50	3,495	68.75
	>50	733	14.42
*Proximal parenting factors*
Internet-specific mediation	Parental supervision of Internet use
	Never	475	9.34
	Sometimes	2,231	43.88
	Always	2,378	46.77
	Internet filter system
	Yes	2,213	43.53
	No	2,871	56.47
Time together or apart	Play cards, games, or sports together
	Weekly	1,968	38.71
	Less than weekly	3,116	61.29
	Doing household activities together
	Weekly	3,694	72.66
	Less than weekly	1,390	27.34
	Going on outings together
	Weekly	3,135	61.66
	Less than weekly	1,949	38.34
	Spending time home alone
	Yes	3,060	60.19
	No	2,024	39.81
*Distal parenting factors*
Parent discipline approach	Strongly power assertive
	Never	1,324	26.04
	Sometimes	3,061	60.21
	Always	699	13.75
	Mildly power assertive
	Never	2,194	43.15
	Sometimes	2,486	48.90
	Always	404	7.95
	Non-power assertive
	Never	422	8.30
	Sometimes	2,035	40.03
	Always	2,627	51.67

Category	Variable	N	%
Analytical sample size		5,084	100.00
Categorical variables
Child and family controls	Child sex
	Male	2,478	48.74
	Female	2,606	51.26
	Family social class
	Managerial or professional	2,970	58.42
	Other	2,114	41.58
Parent characteristics	Single parent
	Yes	577	11.35
	No	4,507	88.65
	Employed
	Yes	3,323	65.36
	No	1,761	34.64
	Depressed
	Yes	268	5.27
	No	4,816	94.73
	Educational attainment
	Lower-secondary	482	9.48
	Higher-secondary	1,552	30.53
	Non-degree	1,332	26.20
	College	1,718	33.79
	Age
	<40	856	16.84
	40–50	3,495	68.75
	>50	733	14.42
Proximal parenting factors
Internet-specific mediation	Parental supervision of Internet use
	Never	475	9.34
	Sometimes	2,231	43.88
	Always	2,378	46.77
	Internet filter system
	Yes	2,213	43.53
	No	2,871	56.47
Time together or apart	Play cards, games, or sports together
	Weekly	1,968	38.71
	Less than weekly	3,116	61.29
	Doing household activities together
	Weekly	3,694	72.66
	Less than weekly	1,390	27.34
	Going on outings together
	Weekly	3,135	61.66
	Less than weekly	1,949	38.34
	Spending time home alone
	Yes	3,060	60.19
	No	2,024	39.81
Distal parenting factors
Parent discipline approach	Strongly power assertive
	Never	1,324	26.04
	Sometimes	3,061	60.21
	Always	699	13.75
	Mildly power assertive
	Never	2,194	43.15
	Sometimes	2,486	48.90
	Always	404	7.95
	Non-power assertive
	Never	422	8.30
	Sometimes	2,035	40.03
	Always	2,627	51.67

Continuous variables
Category	Variable	Mean	Std. Dev	Skewness	Range	Cronbach's α
Distal parenting factors
Parent-child relationship	Closeness	32.14	3.22	−1.70	11–35	0.72
Parent-child relationship	Conflict	14.87	6.21	1.03	8–40	0.83
Parenting style	Psychological autonomy granting	18.42	2.99	−0.49	5–25	0.75
	Responsiveness	20.74	3.27	−0.73	7–25	0.72
	Demandingness	18.63	2.70	−0.12	5–25	0.72
Parental knowledge	Monitoring	39.93	4.14	−1.25	8–45	0.86
	Child disclosure	19.47	4.65	−0.56	2–25	0.81
	Parental control	19.89	7.27	−0.88	0–30	0.82
Other control factors
Family controls	Log of equivalised household income	1.08	0.54	−0.94	0–1.61	/
Child personality	Openness	4.72	1.83	−0.20	0.5–7	0.45
	Conscientiousness	4.30	2.07	−0.12	0.5–7	0.50
	Extraversion	4.00	1.98	0.15	0.5–7	0.68
	Agreeableness	5.00	1.96	−0.51	0.5–7	0.40
	Emotional stability	4.40	3.00	−0.10	0.5–7	0.73
Child emotional and behavioural difficulties	Emotional difficulties	1.72	1.88	1.33	0–10	0.73
	Conduct problems	1.04	1.31	1.64	0–10	0.53
	Hyperactivity or inattention	2.46	2.28	1.03	0–10	0.73
	Peer relationship problems	1.05	1.43	1.86	0–10	0.49
	Prosocial behaviour	8.84	1.47	−1.50	0–10	0.70

Continuous variables
Category	Variable	Mean	Std. Dev	Skewness	Range	Cronbach's α
Distal parenting factors
Parent-child relationship	Closeness	32.14	3.22	−1.70	11–35	0.72
Parent-child relationship	Conflict	14.87	6.21	1.03	8–40	0.83
Parenting style	Psychological autonomy granting	18.42	2.99	−0.49	5–25	0.75
	Responsiveness	20.74	3.27	−0.73	7–25	0.72
	Demandingness	18.63	2.70	−0.12	5–25	0.72
Parental knowledge	Monitoring	39.93	4.14	−1.25	8–45	0.86
	Child disclosure	19.47	4.65	−0.56	2–25	0.81
	Parental control	19.89	7.27	−0.88	0–30	0.82
Other control factors
Family controls	Log of equivalised household income	1.08	0.54	−0.94	0–1.61	/
Child personality	Openness	4.72	1.83	−0.20	0.5–7	0.45
	Conscientiousness	4.30	2.07	−0.12	0.5–7	0.50
	Extraversion	4.00	1.98	0.15	0.5–7	0.68
	Agreeableness	5.00	1.96	−0.51	0.5–7	0.40
	Emotional stability	4.40	3.00	−0.10	0.5–7	0.73
Child emotional and behavioural difficulties	Emotional difficulties	1.72	1.88	1.33	0–10	0.73
	Conduct problems	1.04	1.31	1.64	0–10	0.53
	Hyperactivity or inattention	2.46	2.28	1.03	0–10	0.73
	Peer relationship problems	1.05	1.43	1.86	0–10	0.49
	Prosocial behaviour	8.84	1.47	−1.50	0–10	0.70

Source(s): Author's own work

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