Table 2 Negative binomial regression...

Table 2

Negative binomial regression results

Dependent variable Symptoms of excessive Internet use	Model 1			Model 2
Dependent variable Symptoms of excessive Internet use	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
Child sex: female	0.522***			0.512***
(reference category (ref): male)	(0.047)			(0.048)
Proximal parental influences
Parental supervision of Internet use: Sometimes	−0.046	−0.070	−0.009	−0.059	−0.095	−0.014
(ref: never)	(0.085)	(0.119)	(0.120)	(0.086)	(0.119)	(0.120)
Parental supervision of Internet use: Always	0.019	0.015	0.053	−0.001	−0.015	0.037
(ref: never)	(0.086)	(0.118)	(0.122)	(0.087)	(0.118)	(0.122)
Internet filter system implemented	0.065	0.113*	0.015	0.063	0.118*	0.011
(ref: no Internet filter system)	(0.046)	(0.061)	(0.068)	(0.047)	(0.061)	(0.069)
Play cards, games, or sports together: weekly	−0.155***	−0.103	−0.199***	−0.154***	−0.108	−0.193***
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.049)	(0.067)	(0.073)	(0.049)	(0.067)	(0.073)
Do household activities together: weekly	−0.069	−0.086	−0.053	−0.055	−0.085	−0.021
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.053)	(0.066)	(0.080)	(0.054)	(0.066)	(0.081)
Go on outings together: weekly	0.062	0.081	0.038	0.062	0.073	0.039
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.049)	(0.064)	(0.073)	(0.049)	(0.064)	(0.073)
Home alone: sometimes or always	0.131***	0.052	0.216***	0.129***	0.047	0.217***
(ref: never)	(0.047)	(0.065)	(0.070)	(0.047)	(0.065)	(0.070)
Distal parental influences
Discipline approach adopted
Strongly power assertive: Sometimes	0.237***	0.193**	0.324***	0.238***	0.193**	0.329***
(ref: never)	(0.053)	(0.078)	(0.088)	(0.053)	(0.078)	(0.088)
Strongly power assertive: Always	0.544***	0.453***	0.636***	0.531***	0.459***	0.616***
(ref: never)	(0.085)	(0.104)	(0.120)	(0.085)	(0.104)	(0.121)
Mildly power assertive: Sometimes	0.059	0.044	0.101	0.059	0.045	0.103
(ref: never)	(0.050)	(0.068)	(0.073)	(0.050)	(0.068)	(0.074)
Mildly power assertive: Always	0.169*	0.243**	0.026	0.185*	0.244**	0.052
(ref: never)	(0.099)	(0.112)	(0.148)	(0.100)	(0.113)	(0.148)
Non power assertive: Sometimes	−0.106	−0.239**	0.024	−0.116	−0.243**	0.005
(ref: never)	(0.088)	(0.113)	(0.127)	(0.089)	(0.114)	(0.128)
Non power assertive: Always	−0.012	−0.092	0.072	−0.024	−0.110	0.065
(ref: never)	(0.090)	(0.114)	(0.130)	(0.091)	(0.114)	(0.131)
Closeness	0.005	−0.002	0.016	0.008	−0.001	0.022*
	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Conflict	0.012***	0.008	0.017***	0.014***	0.012	0.018**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.008)
Parenting styles
Psychological autonomy granting	−0.028***	−0.024**	−0.032**	−0.029***	−0.024**	−0.033**
	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Responsiveness	−0.002	0.010	−0.012	−0.001	0.012	−0.012
	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.012)
Demandingness	−0.012	−0.012	−0.012	−0.011	−0.011	−0.010
	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.014)	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.014)
Parental knowledge
Parental monitoring	−0.001	−0.004	0.000	−0.001	−0.003	0.000
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.010)
Child disclosure	0.006	0.000	0.014	0.006	−0.000	0.014
	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.009)
Parental control	0.005	0.004	0.006	0.005	0.005	0.006
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Household controls
Log of equivalised household income	0.106**	0.182***	0.029	0.095*	0.178**	0.014
	(0.049)	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.049)	(0.070)	(0.070)
Family social class: managerial or professional	0.087	0.122	0.055	0.081	0.108	0.058
(ref: other)	(0.055)	(0.075)	(0.083)	(0.056)	(0.075)	(0.083)
Single parent household	0.034	0.110	−0.047	0.030	0.120	−0.056
(ref: two parent)	(0.078)	(0.105)	(0.108)	(0.077)	(0.104)	(0.107)
PCG education attainment: higher-secondary	0.116	0.095	0.176	0.102	0.061	0.166
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.087)	(0.145)	(0.133)	(0.088)	(0.144)	(0.132)
PCG education attainment: non-degree	0.145	0.107	0.237*	0.125	0.077	0.213
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.090)	(0.147)	(0.138)	(0.091)	(0.146)	(0.138)
PCG education attainment: college	0.316***	0.324**	0.327**	0.294***	0.299**	0.295**
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.093)	(0.144)	(0.143)	(0.094)	(0.144)	(0.143)
PCG: Employed	0.017	−0.022	0.059	0.020	−0.022	0.064
(ref: unemployed)	(0.052)	(0.070)	(0.075)	(0.052)	(0.070)	(0.075)
PCG age: 40–50	0.073	0.106	0.054	0.065	0.074	0.055
(ref: younger than 40)	(0.063)	(0.092)	(0.094)	(0.063)	(0.092)	(0.094)
PCG age: older than 50	0.152*	0.257**	0.026	0.151*	0.244**	0.032
(ref: younger than 40)	(0.084)	(0.114)	(0.122)	(0.085)	(0.115)	(0.123)
PCG: depressed	−0.003	0.097	−0.141	0.008	0.100	−0.117
(ref: not depressed)	(0.105)	(0.136)	(0.155)	(0.106)	(0.137)	(0.155)
Additional adjustment: personality, emotional and behavioural difficulties
Openness				0.030**	0.042**	0.016
				(0.013)	(0.017)	(0.020)
Conscientiousness				−0.030**	−0.033**	−0.024
				(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.018)
Extraversion				−0.000	−0.028*	0.029
				(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.018)
Agreeableness				−0.021	−0.023	−0.017
				(0.013)	(0.018)	(0.019)
Emotional stability				−0.012	−0.014	−0.010
				(0.013)	(0.018)	(0.020)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Emotional difficulties				0.015	−0.002	0.028
				(0.015)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Conduct problems				−0.060**	−0.027	−0.097***
				(0.024)	(0.032)	(0.035)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Hyperactivity or inattention				−0.032**	−0.042***	−0.023
				(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.020)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Peer relationship problems				−0.003	−0.008	−0.003
				(0.017)	(0.022)	(0.026)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Prosocial behaviour				−0.043**	−0.008	−0.090***
				(0.018)	(0.022)	(0.029)
Log pseudolikelihood	−8364.1	−3767.2	−4568.8	−8350.4	−3757.6	−4559.2
Over-dispersion parameter (alpha)	0.584	0.760	0.459	0.574	0.741	0.449
Akaike Information Criterion	3.310	3.080	3.544	3.309	3.080	3.544
Bayesian Information Criterion	−26231.2	−11448.7	−10974.6	−26173.3	−11389.8	−10915.1
Observations	5084	2478	2606	5084	2478	2606

Dependent variableSymptoms of excessive Internet use	Model 1			Model 2
Dependent variableSymptoms of excessive Internet use	All	Male	Female	All	Male	Female
Child sex: female	0.522***			0.512***
(reference category (ref): male)	(0.047)			(0.048)
Proximal parental influences
Parental supervision of Internet use: Sometimes	−0.046	−0.070	−0.009	−0.059	−0.095	−0.014
(ref: never)	(0.085)	(0.119)	(0.120)	(0.086)	(0.119)	(0.120)
Parental supervision of Internet use: Always	0.019	0.015	0.053	−0.001	−0.015	0.037
(ref: never)	(0.086)	(0.118)	(0.122)	(0.087)	(0.118)	(0.122)
Internet filter system implemented	0.065	0.113*	0.015	0.063	0.118*	0.011
(ref: no Internet filter system)	(0.046)	(0.061)	(0.068)	(0.047)	(0.061)	(0.069)
Play cards, games, or sports together: weekly	−0.155***	−0.103	−0.199***	−0.154***	−0.108	−0.193***
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.049)	(0.067)	(0.073)	(0.049)	(0.067)	(0.073)
Do household activities together: weekly	−0.069	−0.086	−0.053	−0.055	−0.085	−0.021
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.053)	(0.066)	(0.080)	(0.054)	(0.066)	(0.081)
Go on outings together: weekly	0.062	0.081	0.038	0.062	0.073	0.039
(ref: less than weekly)	(0.049)	(0.064)	(0.073)	(0.049)	(0.064)	(0.073)
Home alone: sometimes or always	0.131***	0.052	0.216***	0.129***	0.047	0.217***
(ref: never)	(0.047)	(0.065)	(0.070)	(0.047)	(0.065)	(0.070)
Distal parental influences
Discipline approach adopted
Strongly power assertive: Sometimes	0.237***	0.193**	0.324***	0.238***	0.193**	0.329***
(ref: never)	(0.053)	(0.078)	(0.088)	(0.053)	(0.078)	(0.088)
Strongly power assertive: Always	0.544***	0.453***	0.636***	0.531***	0.459***	0.616***
(ref: never)	(0.085)	(0.104)	(0.120)	(0.085)	(0.104)	(0.121)
Mildly power assertive: Sometimes	0.059	0.044	0.101	0.059	0.045	0.103
(ref: never)	(0.050)	(0.068)	(0.073)	(0.050)	(0.068)	(0.074)
Mildly power assertive: Always	0.169*	0.243**	0.026	0.185*	0.244**	0.052
(ref: never)	(0.099)	(0.112)	(0.148)	(0.100)	(0.113)	(0.148)
Non power assertive: Sometimes	−0.106	−0.239**	0.024	−0.116	−0.243**	0.005
(ref: never)	(0.088)	(0.113)	(0.127)	(0.089)	(0.114)	(0.128)
Non power assertive: Always	−0.012	−0.092	0.072	−0.024	−0.110	0.065
(ref: never)	(0.090)	(0.114)	(0.130)	(0.091)	(0.114)	(0.131)
Closeness	0.005	−0.002	0.016	0.008	−0.001	0.022*
	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Conflict	0.012***	0.008	0.017***	0.014***	0.012	0.018**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.008)
Parenting styles
Psychological autonomy granting	−0.028***	−0.024**	−0.032**	−0.029***	−0.024**	−0.033**
	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.013)
Responsiveness	−0.002	0.010	−0.012	−0.001	0.012	−0.012
	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.012)
Demandingness	−0.012	−0.012	−0.012	−0.011	−0.011	−0.010
	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.014)	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.014)
Parental knowledge
Parental monitoring	−0.001	−0.004	0.000	−0.001	−0.003	0.000
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.010)
Child disclosure	0.006	0.000	0.014	0.006	−0.000	0.014
	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.009)
Parental control	0.005	0.004	0.006	0.005	0.005	0.006
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)
Household controls
Log of equivalised household income	0.106**	0.182***	0.029	0.095*	0.178**	0.014
	(0.049)	(0.069)	(0.069)	(0.049)	(0.070)	(0.070)
Family social class: managerial or professional	0.087	0.122	0.055	0.081	0.108	0.058
(ref: other)	(0.055)	(0.075)	(0.083)	(0.056)	(0.075)	(0.083)
Single parent household	0.034	0.110	−0.047	0.030	0.120	−0.056
(ref: two parent)	(0.078)	(0.105)	(0.108)	(0.077)	(0.104)	(0.107)
PCG education attainment: higher-secondary	0.116	0.095	0.176	0.102	0.061	0.166
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.087)	(0.145)	(0.133)	(0.088)	(0.144)	(0.132)
PCG education attainment: non-degree	0.145	0.107	0.237*	0.125	0.077	0.213
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.090)	(0.147)	(0.138)	(0.091)	(0.146)	(0.138)
PCG education attainment: college	0.316***	0.324**	0.327**	0.294***	0.299**	0.295**
(ref: lower-secondary)	(0.093)	(0.144)	(0.143)	(0.094)	(0.144)	(0.143)
PCG: Employed	0.017	−0.022	0.059	0.020	−0.022	0.064
(ref: unemployed)	(0.052)	(0.070)	(0.075)	(0.052)	(0.070)	(0.075)
PCG age: 40–50	0.073	0.106	0.054	0.065	0.074	0.055
(ref: younger than 40)	(0.063)	(0.092)	(0.094)	(0.063)	(0.092)	(0.094)
PCG age: older than 50	0.152*	0.257**	0.026	0.151*	0.244**	0.032
(ref: younger than 40)	(0.084)	(0.114)	(0.122)	(0.085)	(0.115)	(0.123)
PCG: depressed	−0.003	0.097	−0.141	0.008	0.100	−0.117
(ref: not depressed)	(0.105)	(0.136)	(0.155)	(0.106)	(0.137)	(0.155)
Additional adjustment: personality, emotional and behavioural difficulties
Openness				0.030**	0.042**	0.016
				(0.013)	(0.017)	(0.020)
Conscientiousness				−0.030**	−0.033**	−0.024
				(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.018)
Extraversion				−0.000	−0.028*	0.029
				(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.018)
Agreeableness				−0.021	−0.023	−0.017
				(0.013)	(0.018)	(0.019)
Emotional stability				−0.012	−0.014	−0.010
				(0.013)	(0.018)	(0.020)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Emotional difficulties				0.015	−0.002	0.028
				(0.015)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Conduct problems				−0.060**	−0.027	−0.097***
				(0.024)	(0.032)	(0.035)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Hyperactivity or inattention				−0.032**	−0.042***	−0.023
				(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.020)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Peer relationship problems				−0.003	−0.008	−0.003
				(0.017)	(0.022)	(0.026)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Prosocial behaviour				−0.043**	−0.008	−0.090***
				(0.018)	(0.022)	(0.029)
Log pseudolikelihood	−8364.1	−3767.2	−4568.8	−8350.4	−3757.6	−4559.2
Over-dispersion parameter (alpha)	0.584	0.760	0.459	0.574	0.741	0.449
Akaike Information Criterion	3.310	3.080	3.544	3.309	3.080	3.544
Bayesian Information Criterion	−26231.2	−11448.7	−10974.6	−26173.3	−11389.8	−10915.1
Observations	5084	2478	2606	5084	2478	2606

Note(s): Estimates are average marginal effects

Level of statistical significance indicated as ^* p < 0.10, ^** p < 0.05, ^*** p < 0.01. Robust standard errors presented in parentheses

Source(s): Author's own work

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