Table 2

Intermediaries

IntermediariesTraditional governance approach from the buyer's perspectiveNetwork context
First-tier suppliersDirectHigh network complexity, high centrality of the supplier
Second-tier suppliersIndirectMedium network complexity, high centrality of the nexus supplier
Lower-tier suppliersThird party, “don’t bother”Medium network complexity, high centrality of the nexus supplier
3PL logistics service providersThird party, “don’t bother”Medium network complexity, medium centrality of the 3PL
4PL logistics service providersPlatformHigh network complexity, low centrality of the 4PL
Digital platformsPlatformHigh network complexity, low centrality of the platform
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