Table 4 Methods to ensure... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Methods to ensure trustworthiness of the research process

Research phases
Criteria	Design	Case selection	Data collection	Content analysis
Credibility	Selected the GRI-G4 as the theoretical framework to analyse sustainability reports Adopted the environmental and social sustainability constructs identified in the extant literature	Selected top firms on the Australian Logistics Council Database	Validated data using the data triangulation process Checked reporting data with firms' annual reports and websites	Selected multiple (three authors) coders for coding sustainability reports
Transferability	Selected top Australian logistics firms which have the highest marketing revenue	A detailed description of the sample firms while maintaining their confidentiality	Detailed notes of sustainability aspects, indicators and themes included in sustainability reports	Developed a consistent coding scheme to code the sustainability reports
Dependability	Case study protocol	The sample frame was selected using the theoretical and purposive sampling approach	Maintained confidentiality of the sample firms	Achieved intercoder agreement*
Confirmability	Case study protocol	Carefully selected logistics firms who have disclosed their consecutive sustainability reports	Secured recorded and stored data Digital recordings	Data audited for bias and distortion Validated data using the data triangulation process

Research phases
Criteria	Design	Case selection	Data collection	Content analysis
Credibility	Selected the GRI-G4 as the theoretical framework to analyse sustainability reportsAdopted the environmental and social sustainability constructs identified in the extant literature	Selected top firms on the Australian Logistics Council Database	Validated data using the data triangulation processChecked reporting data with firms' annual reports and websites	Selected multiple (three authors) coders for coding sustainability reports
Transferability	Selected top Australian logistics firms which have the highest marketing revenue	A detailed description of the sample firms while maintaining their confidentiality	Detailed notes of sustainability aspects, indicators and themes included in sustainability reports	Developed a consistent coding scheme to code the sustainability reports
Dependability	Case study protocol	The sample frame was selected using the theoretical and purposive sampling approach	Maintained confidentiality of the sample firms	Achieved intercoder agreement*
Confirmability	Case study protocol	Carefully selected logistics firms who have disclosed their consecutive sustainability reports	Secured recorded and stored dataDigital recordings	Data audited for bias and distortionValidated data using the data triangulation process

Note(s): *Three authors analysed sustainability reports of the sample frame using a developed consistent coding scheme and compared their respective coding sheets to increase intercoder reliability, which was 75%, and met the acceptable level of agreement as suggested by Carey et al. (1996). The authors discussed the coding and achieved the 100% agreement

Source(s): Touboulic et al. (2014) and Shah and Corley (2006)

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