Table 4 Data reduction and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Data reduction and operationalization

Variable	Definition	Rating
BC systems
Data veracity control measures	Actions and/or activities that are taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate the possibility that data saved on the BC does not accurately reflect reality	No control: manual data entry with no control carried out to check if the reality has been altered
		Artificial intelligence (AI): manual data entry that is checked through AI to identify any potential mismatches (e.g. between the quantity of harvested grapes and volume of wine produced; between geo-localization of mechanical grape harvesters and date of grape harvesting; between weather conditions and date of grape harvesting)
		Third-party certification bodies (TPCBs): on-site data collection and entry on the BC by trusted third-party authorities
Data-entry frequency	Frequency of information entering into BC.	Low: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC ranges between some weeks to several months
		Medium: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC ranges between some days to one week
		High: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC is less than 24 h
Smart labels + Customer communication channels	Physical identifiers used to link real-life objects (e.g. wine bottles) with the related information saved on the BC, that customers can access through different types of channel	QR code + Web page: two-dimensional code, composed of a series of black and white squares, that stores a link to a static stand-alone web page (URL). QR code can be read by mobile devices, using their built-in digital camera, that automatically redirect to the related web page
Smart labels + Customer communication channels		NFC tag + Mobile application: sticker or wristband with embedded microchips that store a reference to data saved on the web. It is passive, i.e. does not require a battery. In addition to the encoded UID, it uses specific security mechanisms, such as data encryption, to prevent replicability. It can be read by NFC-enabled mobile devices through the use of a dedicated mobile application that performs data decryption
Proportion of accessible data for which hashes are saved on the BC	Proportion of the total data accessible by consumers (through a web page or a mobile application) that is linked to BC transactions (for which the related hashes were originally and immutably saved)	Low: a small portion of the information provided to consumers is associated with the respective transactions saved permanently on the BC. Data stored off-chain in centralized servers rather than on the BC may be subject to manipulations
		High: most of the information provided to consumers is linked to the respective transactions permanently saved on the BC.
Counterfeiting protection
Upstream counterfeiting protection	Desired protection level in preventing upstream counterfeiting	Entry-level: assurance that the wine has an acceptable quality level, rather than a true assurance of origin (e.g. grape origin) or adherence to special production and processing specifications, in order to ensure customers of wine safety
		Medium-level: assurance above all of the grape origin that has a major impact on wine quality, in order to make customer aware that quality is an important feature of the wine
		High-level: assurance that grapes come from the areas identified by PDO specifications (grape origin) and that production processes adhere to superior production practices, in order to make customers aware of the superior quality level of the wine and the extraordinary of grape origin
Downstream counterfeiting protection	Desired protection level in preventing downstream counterfeiting	Null: no protection against relabelling, fake labels and refilling
Downstream counterfeiting protection		High-level: high protection against relabelling, fake labels, and refilling

Variable	Definition	Rating
BC systems
Data veracity control measures	Actions and/or activities that are taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate the possibility that data saved on the BC does not accurately reflect reality	No control: manual data entry with no control carried out to check if the reality has been altered
		Artificial intelligence (AI): manual data entry that is checked through AI to identify any potential mismatches (e.g. between the quantity of harvested grapes and volume of wine produced; between geo-localization of mechanical grape harvesters and date of grape harvesting; between weather conditions and date of grape harvesting)
		Third-party certification bodies (TPCBs): on-site data collection and entry on the BC by trusted third-party authorities
Data-entry frequency	Frequency of information entering into BC.	Low: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC ranges between some weeks to several months
		Medium: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC ranges between some days to one week
		High: the time lag between the moment when an event occurs and the moment when the related information is written on the BC is less than 24 h
Smart labels+Customer communication channels	Physical identifiers used to link real-life objects (e.g. wine bottles) with the related information saved on the BC, that customers can access through different types of channel	QR code + Web page: two-dimensional code, composed of a series of black and white squares, that stores a link to a static stand-alone web page (URL). QR code can be read by mobile devices, using their built-in digital camera, that automatically redirect to the related web page
Smart labels+Customer communication channels		NFC tag + Mobile application: sticker or wristband with embedded microchips that store a reference to data saved on the web. It is passive, i.e. does not require a battery. In addition to the encoded UID, it uses specific security mechanisms, such as data encryption, to prevent replicability. It can be read by NFC-enabled mobile devices through the use of a dedicated mobile application that performs data decryption
Proportion of accessible data for which hashes are saved on the BC	Proportion of the total data accessible by consumers (through a web page or a mobile application) that is linked to BC transactions (for which the related hashes were originally and immutably saved)	Low: a small portion of the information provided to consumers is associated with the respective transactions saved permanently on the BC. Data stored off-chain in centralized servers rather than on the BC may be subject to manipulations
		High: most of the information provided to consumers is linked to the respective transactions permanently saved on the BC.
Counterfeiting protection
Upstream counterfeiting protection	Desired protection level in preventing upstream counterfeiting	Entry-level: assurance that the wine has an acceptable quality level, rather than a true assurance of origin (e.g. grape origin) or adherence to special production and processing specifications, in order to ensure customers of wine safety
		Medium-level: assurance above all of the grape origin that has a major impact on wine quality, in order to make customer aware that quality is an important feature of the wine
		High-level: assurance that grapes come from the areas identified by PDO specifications (grape origin) and that production processes adhere to superior production practices, in order to make customers aware of the superior quality level of the wine and the extraordinary of grape origin
Downstream counterfeiting protection	Desired protection level in preventing downstream counterfeiting	Null: no protection against relabelling, fake labels and refilling
Downstream counterfeiting protection		High-level: high protection against relabelling, fake labels, and refilling