Table 3

Comparisons of calculation time and number of iterations

MethodCalculation time of 200
sampling points (ms)
Calculation time per
sampling point (ms)
No. of iterations
PF method by trigonometry20.790.10305
PF method by proportional approximation22.480.11357
PF method without joint limits12.690.06/
PF method by numerical optimization approach46,590230/

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