Table 2 Bounds testing for cointegration... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Bounds testing for cointegration

	F-statistics	With a time trend
Model 1	CO₂ and GDP_PC, crude price, petroleum consumption, trade openness	8.97***
	*F-critical at 1% level¹ k (6)	I(0)	I(1)
	*F-critical at 1% level¹ k (6)	3.60	4.90
Model 2	CO₂ and GDP_PC, crude price, petroleum consumption, trade openness, FDI, size of government	3.68*
	*F-critical at 10 % level² k (8)	I(0)	I(1)
	*F-critical at 10 % level² k (8)	2.26	3.34

	F-statistics	With a time trend
Model 1	CO₂ and GDP_PC, crude price, petroleum consumption, trade openness	8.97***
	*F-critical at 1% level¹ k (6)	I(0)	I(1)
	*F-critical at 1% level¹ k (6)	3.60	4.90
Model 2	CO₂ and GDP_PC, crude price, petroleum consumption, trade openness, FDI, size of government	3.68*
	*F-critical at 10 % level² k (8)	I(0)	I(1)
	*F-critical at 10 % level² k (8)	2.26	3.34

Note(s): ***, ** and * indicates level of significance at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively

¹ Pesaran et al. (2001)

² Pesaran et al. (2001)