OLS regression models explaining three levels of digital inclusion of seniors in European countries, 2009–2018
| Internet use | Digital skills | E-service use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (M1) | (M2) | (M3) | (M4) | (M5) | (M6) | |
| Control variables | ||||||
| OADR | –0.008 (0.287) | 0.183*** (0.282) | 0.200 (0.555) | 0.140 (0.401) | 0.016 (0.215) | 0.099 (0.203) |
| GDP/capita | 0.291*** (0.000) | 0.169 (0.000) | 0.490*** (0.000) | –0.045 (0.000) | 0.431*** (0.000) | 0.159 (0.000) |
| ICT infrastructure | 0.633*** (1.053) | 0.432*** (0.874) | 0.385* (2.291) | 0.143 (1.917) | 0.435*** (0.864) | 0.332*** (0.806) |
| Welfare state model | ||||||
| Liberal | – | 0.188*** (3.632) | – | 0.263 (6.982) | – | 0.162*** (2.685) |
| Social democratic | – | 0.272*** (2.544) | – | 0.399** (3.577) | – | 0.518*** (2.435) |
| Eastern and Central European | – | 0.020 (3.603) | – | –0.332* (4.088) | – | 0.075 (2.917) |
| Southern European | – | –0.251*** (2.846) | – | –0.365*** (3.935) | – | –0.112** (1.864) |
| N | 219 | 219 | 62 | 62 | 219 | 219 |
| R2 | 0.734 | 0.822 | 0.715 | 0.731 | 0.632 | 0.793 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.730 | 0.816 | 0.700 | 0.697 | 0.626 | 0.786 |
| Internet use | Digital skills | E-service use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (M1) | (M2) | (M3) | (M4) | (M5) | (M6) | |
| OADR | –0.008 (0.287) | 0.183*** (0.282) | 0.200 (0.555) | 0.140 (0.401) | 0.016 (0.215) | 0.099 (0.203) |
| GDP/capita | 0.291*** (0.000) | 0.169 (0.000) | 0.490*** (0.000) | –0.045 (0.000) | 0.431*** (0.000) | 0.159 (0.000) |
| ICT infrastructure | 0.633*** (1.053) | 0.432*** (0.874) | 0.385* (2.291) | 0.143 (1.917) | 0.435*** (0.864) | 0.332*** (0.806) |
| Liberal | – | 0.188*** (3.632) | – | 0.263 (6.982) | – | 0.162*** (2.685) |
| Social democratic | – | 0.272*** (2.544) | – | 0.399** (3.577) | – | 0.518*** (2.435) |
| Eastern and Central European | – | 0.020 (3.603) | – | –0.332* (4.088) | – | 0.075 (2.917) |
| Southern European | – | –0.251*** (2.846) | – | –0.365*** (3.935) | – | –0.112** (1.864) |
| 219 | 219 | 62 | 62 | 219 | 219 | |
| 0.734 | 0.822 | 0.715 | 0.731 | 0.632 | 0.793 | |
| Adjusted | 0.730 | 0.816 | 0.700 | 0.697 | 0.626 | 0.786 |
Note(s): Robust standard errors using the HCSE macro in SPSS (Hayes and Cai, 2007) are shown in parentheses. Statistical significance of beta-coefficients is represented as follows: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. The conservative welfare state model is used as the reference category
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